Urban air pollution and the automobile Research Paper

Julius Caesar: The Use Of Suspense :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar: The Use of Suspense      Suspense can be characterized as the vulnerabilities the peruser feels about what will occur next in a story, or for this situation, a play. William Shakespeare fused in Julius Caesar three extremely dramatic occasions on which the entirety play depends.      The first emotional occasion of this play happens when the backstabbers join and talk about their purposes behind death. Cassius feels that he is equivalent to Caesar, if not in any case better that him. Shakespeare fabricates tension by utilizing this announcement made by Cassius: "I was brought into the world free as Caesar†¦/we both have taken care of also, and we can both/persevere through the winter's virus just as he." Then cassius attempts to convince Brutes to participate on the connivance by letting him know that it is respectable to kill Caesar. Cassius reveals to Brutes that the destiny of Rome is in a tough situation with Caesar in power, which helps manufacture anticipation from the get-go in the play. To persuade Brutes convincingly, cassius manufactured letters and tossed them into Brutus' window where he made certain to discover them. Shakespeare composed this announcement: "we will alert him and make certain of him. This is a very incredible articulation that manufactures anticipation on the grounds that the peruser in all probability feels that Brutes will participate and need to kill Caesar, yet the peruser is dubious with regards to whether the arrangement will work. These occasions are very sensational as they pave the way to the death of Caesar.      The next arrangement of dramatic occasions that hint Caesar's death occur on an extremely irregular night. One night before Caesar's passing there were numerous peculiar events the hints dimness later on. A lioness conceived an offspring in the lanes, the dead rose from their graves, red hot worriers battled in the mists so furiously that blood showered upon the state house, ponies neighed, kicking the bucket men moaned, and phantoms screamed and screeched along the roads; all occasions of this unusual night that Shakespeare makes so sensational. Additionally on this unordinary near, Calpurnia had a startling dream that was very intense. The fantasy was of Caesar's sculpture producing blood and numerous Romans were washing in it. At the point when the peruser peruses this he is "on the edge of his seat" finding that he can't hold back to discover what this fantasy hints. Calpurnia was so terrified by these peculiar events that she asked Caesar not to go out. Shakespeare made tension by having Caesar talk these words: "and these does she apply for alerts and signs/and shades of malice up and coming, what's more, on her knee/hath asked that I will remain at home today.

Research Into The Reality Of Having A True Distributed Computer System - 1

Research Into The Reality Of Having A True Distributed Computer System - 1 Research Into The Reality Of Having A True Distributed Computer System â€" Essay Example > Table of ContentsNumber range 1-3Introduction There are presently huge and open distributed computer systems that present a major application area intended for techniques and ideas created and managed inside social simulation as well as complex systems modeling. In the starting of the 21st century there has been a huge development in the direction of the global networking arrangements in the shape of wireless and wired broadband links to the internet offering together mobile devices as well as high-quality appliances, services and also traditional general purpose computer systems. However, the major dispute is to make use of such different arrangements to offer novel services that suit user requirements consistently. Traditional techniques of software design as well as testing are not for all time appropriate to this challenge (Hales, 2008) and (Pressman, 2001). In this scenario new research and development is going on with the passage of time. Here we are expecting new and more e nhanced developments in the areas of the distributed computer systems. This paper will address some of main aspects and areas regarding the exploration for the True Distributed Computing Environment that is able to offer enhanced and effective co-operating among its subsystems. This paper will address and analyze some of main aspects area regarding the development, application and quality of the best Distributed Computing Environment in the market and business areas. Overview to Distributed Computer Systems technology A distributed system is a system in which system components (both software and hardware) located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by sending messages. The most significant element of distributed systems is its combined data network that is the spirit center of the business/or any network as well as be inclined to develop by means of the development of the business as well as the growth of technology (Dollimore et al. , 2005), (Armon i, 2002) and (RabbitMQ, 2010). Sometimes the communication and collaboration network will attach a number of self-governing businesses by means of management and other servers to structure the distributed system. For instance, it is probable to explain an organizational network in a huge business by means of a huge number of elements plus departments (Dollimore et al. , 2005) and (Armoni, 2002). The increase of connections causes superior interdependency of the systems as well as comprises an atmosphere through a lot of challenges intended for data security management. Customary distributed systems facilitate users to make use of data and applications on distant networks without detaining them to networks that they are straightly associated to. In server-client systems the customary functionality of the huge mainframe is separated into two aspects; one is about the user interface as well as a nucleus of one or more applications that triggered at the peripheral station described li ke a “client”. The next point is about the management of the database plus division of the application turned-on on another system described like a “server”. In the course of this distribution every part in the network can perform the work intended for which it is most suited. The 2-fractions of the application are linked by means of particular software facilitating move of messages among the client plus the server. Client/server applications are extremely elastic plus permit users to get right of entry to databases on a variety of networks all by means of a graphic interface that does not exist on mainframe systems (Dollimore et al. , 2005) and (Armoni, 2002).

Nike Ethics Essay - 1475 Words

Nike Ethics Nike Incorporated is the number one leading sportswear and equipment provider in the world. They manufacture anything from casual clothes to sports equipment, shoes to socks, and basketballs to golf balls. As a result of its massive success, Nike employs nearly 30,000 people worldwide while manufacturing in 700 shops around the globe and has 45 offices outside the United States. Its extensive reach into the global market has Nike producing more exclusive products than any other manufacturer in the world. Nike’s headquarters is located in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon. Nike was first known as Blue Ribbon Sports, founded by University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill†¦show more content†¦Thanks for your commitment.† This kind of emphasis on ethics is not only meant to illustrate the value of Nike to consumers, but it is also meant to influence its suppliers. Nike is claiming that it will not conduct any sort of busines s with unethical suppliers. The first item on Nikes ethical policy list is the treatment of its employees. This is an important issue because it shows all members who work at Nike that they are the most important assets to the company. Without the employees, there would be no customers, and granted the relationship works both ways. It is easier to work in an environment that boasts the employee’s interest before everyone else. As with most companies, Nike is an equal opportunity employer. They do not discriminate against anyone based on race, color, sex, national origin, age, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and so forth. This policy applies to every aspect at Nike, which includes recruitment, hiring, training, advancement, and termination. Nike preaches a zero tolerance policy when it comes to harassment in the workplace. They claim that any report of harassment will be investigated in a timely manner and any violation will result in immediate corrective action. Nike further emphasized that they would like all employees to report any sort ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Ethics On Nike2167 Words   |  9 Pages The effects of ethics on Nike By Lorenzo Thompson 1508128 Marking Tutor: Graham Herstell Contents 1. Introduction 2. Morals, Ethics and Nike 3. Ethical theories in the ethics of sport 3.1. Three Frameworks 3.2. The Consequentialist Framework 3.3. The Duty Framework 3.4. The Virtue Framework 3.5. Putting the Frameworks together 4. Ethical Decision Making of Nike 5. Doping in Sport 6. Conclusion 1. IntroductionRead MoreNike Business Ethics2700 Words   |  11 PagesNike Ethical Dilemmas Ethical Audit Report Table of Contents Nike Ethical Dilemmas 1 Ethical Audit Report 1 Executive summary 2 Purpose of the Report 2 A Snapshot of Nike’s Business Ethics 3 Ethical Dilemma’s Facing Nike 4 Nike’s Best Ethical Practices 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Executive summary As globalization increases the scope of the Multinational Companies (MNCs) to penetrate the market both for cost effectiveRead MoreEthics in Business: Overview of Nike Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesEthics is a major part in business, and every company that sells a product looking for profit is a business. In the American economy companies with the best ethics has the best profits. However companies occasionally fail to remain ethical in their activities, because they are too concerned with profits. Nike Inc. is a worldwide company that is very famous for their designs and apparel wear, also it is a multination corporation that is engaged in the design and marketing. However Nike has pros andRead MoreNike Ethics Case Study1215 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom mass ordering and mass production are opportunities Nike sorted to exploit. However, this is not with problems as might lead to loss of control, and moral concern like was the case with Nike raising concern relating ethical principle in business. In this paper, we shall be answering questions related to the complexities of expansion amid a globalize world drawing inspiration from â€Å"The Promise and Perils of Globalization: The Case of Nike†, a working paper presented by Richard M. Locke and AlvinRead MoreNike s Code Of Ethics Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesNike first began it success four decades ago, but in the process has violated multiple laws in order to gain profit. Nike has had so many business dilemmas including issues such as, their Code of ethics, exercised social responsibility, global impact, and their ability to conduct sustainable businesses world-wide. There are a multitude of advantages disadvantages of the Nike Corporation. Furthermore, there are multiple ways Nike can overcome their financial crises as a company. The Nike CorporationRead MoreBusiness Ethics of Nike Inc.5528 Words   |  23 Pages1.0 Introduction Ethics, also known as moral philosophy that can be defined in basic term as what is right or wrong in humans’ morality. The definition of business ethics on the other hand, can be defined according by Wikipedia (2011), ‘a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizationsRead MoreNike s Code Of Ethics1842 Words   |  8 PagesNike is by far the number one sports brand for shoes and apparel in the world today. With an estimated 30.6 billion dollars made in 2015 and an estimated 32.4 billion dollars to made in 2016, business is going to keep increasing. Nike is a company that always wants to be the best in everything they do. Whether thats the sales they produce, or the athletes they recruit to represent their product. The code of ethics is what separates them from the rest of the pack and allows them to be the best atRead MoreNike Ethics and Human Violations1308 Words   |  6 PagesLike other large corporations, Nike looked to expand their operations outside North America. Many companies do this because of the law and wage demands of the United States making overseas operations very appealing. Employment laws are scarce and labor is cheap in most third world countries and can be easily become targeted by giant corporations such as Nike. In the beginning, Nike probably selected countries like Indonesia and Vietnam because of the vast poverty level and wage demand given theRead MoreAdidas Referee Kits For International Association Teams1035 Words   |  5 Pagescountries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nike Inc.   an American multinational corporation that is involved in the design, development manufacturing and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories. Nike headquarter is located near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. One of the world s largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment is Nike, with revenue in excess of US$24.1  billion in its financial year 2012. Nike has more than 44Read MoreNike Business Case Study1380 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the business culture, it is crucial for a business to behave ethically. Ethics can be defined as, â€Å"the study of how people ought to act† (Lecture 1, 2017). Businesses do not behave ethically because they think their profits will increase, even though unethical behaviors can be costly to a company. When a business acts ethically correct, society benefits from the encourage economic competition, people feel better about working for that company, and it s the right thing to do which

The Segregation Of Black Soldiers - 996 Words

While the emancipation proclamation was created to mainly announce the solidarity of the Union against slavery, it also became a symbol of hope for black people, who for many years were subjected to the maltreatment and prejudices by their fellow man. This was evident in the inequalities of black soldiers within the Union army, in which it was still commonly complacent during the Civil War. The Union’s practices of denying black soldiers the opportunity of a commission as an officer, paying them less than their fellow white counterparts, allowing them to face harsher treatment as prisoners of war and most profoundly was the segregation of black soldiers from the rest of the Army; were just a few incidents that gave proof that African Americans were still not considered an equal. During the Civil War, inequalities of black soldiers within the Union army were still commonly complacent. Even though the emancipation Proclamation was signed, the Union army still engaged in the discriminative practices of denying black soldiers their equal rights. One such practice was the denial or refusal to allow a black soldier the opportunity to lead fellow black soldiers as a commissioned officer. During this epic time of history, several requests were made by prominent black and white officials to the Union government to disband the practice of barring African Americans to becoming officers and allowing them to lead an all-black regiment. One such request, was a petition to theShow MoreRelatedThe Gilded Age1542 Words   |  7 Pagesinequality and discrimination. Many groups and individuals attempted to make changes for black Americans but few were successful. Though it was not until the Progressive Era that racial segregation started gaining attention and African America ns, as well as those who wanted them to be treated equally, began making changes and their fight against racial segregation began to improve. The Niagara movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 made up of the intellectual elite of the AfricanRead MoreThe Problem We All Live with (1964)1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthe violence of the Segregation. Norman Rockwell, an American illustrator, was involved in the desegregation and by this painting, aimed at make Americans aware that Segregation is based on wrong ideas such as the superiority of whites on blacks. His most famous masterpiece, which is here, is entitled The problem with all live with. The word problem means Segregation. Thus, it deals with the issue of school racial integration. We are obviously chocked by the way the Segregation is embodies. Read MoreThe Tuskegee Airmen Movie Analysis942 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States during World War II. Hannibal Lee is on a train ride to Tuskegee Air Base in Alabama. He meets two passengers, Walter and Leroi, who are going to join the 99th Fighter Squadron as fight cadets. One example of segregati on occurs on the train because these three black airmen are forced to give up their seats for German prisoners because there was no more room to sit. Lieutenant Glenn was the first man they met when they got to Tuskegee. He was the man in charge along with other people inRead MoreI Have A Dream Allusion Essay700 Words   |  3 Pageswar to gain equality for all, while King uses an allusion mentioning to protest peacefully instead of using violence. In the speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† after Martin Luther King Jr. invoked how blacks are still being mistreated by their fellow Americans. He proclaims, â€Å"This note was the promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† Furthermore, as King advises his audience to show dignity and disciplineRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s Essay550 Words   |  3 Pagesstate laws segregating black people and white people with its decision concerning the Plessey v Ferguson case. The decision stated that black and white should be separate but equal, meaning the same standard of facilities for both. In reality it legally enforced a state of affairs that assured that blacks would never be equal, and couldn’t get equal treatment, status or opportunity in their own country. During the Second World War, the black American Gi’s realised that Read Morehow far do you agree that the years 1945-55 saw only the limited progress in improving the status of african americans?1356 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans? Life had only improved to a small extent. There was only limited progress in solving the problem of segregation, the violence continued, new employment opportunities and voting rights were not readily available and whilst there was de-jure change in the areas of transport and education, de-facto change was lacking. One of the areas that changed were segregation, Truman established a committee to investigate race relations and to safeguard the rights of minorities. The report ofRead MoreSuffrage of African Americans in Red Summer written by Cameron McWhirter1113 Words   |  4 Pagesafter World War 1. At this time, blacks had been searching for peace and equality. Historian Cameron McWhirter in his book says, â€Å"many people—including black families with returning soldiers—fervently hoped 1919 would usher in a new epoch of peace, prosperity, and freedom.† Instead of getting what they wished for however, there was a series of violence such as lynchings and anti-black riots that swept around the country. World War 1 had a big effect on the life of blacks. McWhirter says that â€Å"the war’sRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1708 Words   |  7 Pagesguaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experienced segregation at lunch stands. In a Journal by Melvin Small, she stated, â€Å"Just as with the segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama the African-AmericanRead MoreHow Racial Minorities Found Hope for Improvement1167 Words   |  5 Pageshope of political equality was given to racial minorities when the 15th Amendment was passed in 1870, allowing citizens to vote regardless of race. This was beneficial to the Republican Party since majority of their members were black voters. The amendment allowed black men to hold power and more than 2000 African Americans were elected to political offices over the next 7 years. Unfortunately, the amendment was unsuccessful in preventing individual states from enacting their own voting laws. AfricanRead MoreThe Black Renaissance And The Great Depression971 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history African Americans have not had it easy. Blacks in America have had a long struggle to gain equality and freedom, which still exists to this day. The years 1917 to 1945 were particularly tough for African Americans. Racial discrimination was at a high and segregation laws enforced the idea that blacks were inferior to the whites. African Americans desired to escape the unfair treatment and obtain equal rights, but found themselves stuck. The two World Wars drew African Americans

Healthy Personality Ability to Adapt Change and Handle Stress Free Essays

The road to a healthy personality is like a road itself. It has many curves and blind corners. Ones ability to adapt to this constantly changing road is one of the most important components of a healthy personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Personality: Ability to Adapt Change and Handle Stress or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is, the ability to adapt to a changing world. Another important component is the ability to handle stress. We are just beginning to find out what stress does to our bodies and minds, and most of it is not good. Some other components I will discuss are having a good self-concept and everything that encompasses self . Our world is constantly changing and putting different pressures and demands on us. We have to adapt to many new kinds of stressors resulting from evolution alone. Time is changing constantly and that brings on new situations we need to cope with. When a person can adapt well, they have less stress and in general have a healthier personality. Adapting gives us the means to survive. It provides us with shelter, food, and a competitive edge. Without these things its hard to survive. There are people like this too. Some people, whether it be circumstantial or relative, just do not have what it takes to make it these days. These people usually do not have a healthy personality. It would be hard to even think about what a healthy personality is like. The ability to adapt gives us access to the resources needed for lives essential biological needs, which in turn allows us to think deeper about our state of mind and relationships with others. The way we handle stress and how we react to it plays a big role in the development of a healthy personality. To go out into the world not prepared to handle stress would be like going into war with no ammo in the guns. You would not last very long in either situation. There is no denying the fact that all of have stress to deal with. I’m not going to tell you or anyone else what I’m going through. You don’t need to hear it and I don’t like hearing it from other people. What it comes down to is how one deals with their individual stressors. Psychological hardiness comes into play here. If you are a psychologically hardy person, stress may be a foreign word to you. On the other hand if you are not a psychologically hardy person you will have a very good idea of what stress is. Psychological hardiness, to me, is the act of actively knowing you have stress and using three simple guidelines to deal with that stress. Those three are commitment, control, and challenge. These three things are very important in stress management. Especially in comparison to other ways of stress management like substance use, withdrawal, or defense mechanisms. While these things temporarily relieve the effects of stress they usually are short lived or have negative consequences attached to them. If you commit yourself to do something you are actively staying involved in that activity. This helps you to set goals and achieve them. Challenge is taking a stressful situation and turning it into a challenge instead of some situation you just have to deal with. When you take on something it doesn’t quite seem the same as a stressful situation. The situation may be very stressful, it’s all about the attitude one takes on before going into a certain situation. Finally control can aid in stress relief. When people feel that they are in control they have an easier time dealing with whatever situation they are in. If you feel that you are in charge of your life and the decisions you make and the attitudes you take on are your own you will have an easier time dealing with stress. These are not the only ways of dealing with stress. There is Albert Ellis’s concept of controlling stressful thoughts. Ellis says that what we think is directly correlated to what we feel. His theory includes concepts like catastrophizing thoughts and irrational beliefs. These things are hard to detect, but I think we all do them. Irrational beliefs and catastrophizing thoughts are negative feelings about situations you feel stress in. An example would be thinking you have to act a certain way to get the approval of others in a social setting, or thinking that there is nothing that you could possibly do in a situation. The main point in dealing with stress that Ellis is trying to make is realizing that we all have these negative thoughts and beliefs. When something happens to us, Ellis called this event the activating event, we have consequences that follow. In between those two events is when the belief or thought will take place. An example would be if you lose your job, activating event, you will have negative consequences. A lot of people would add in a catastrophizing thought like â€Å"that job was everything to me† or â€Å"I’ll never find a job as good as that one†. When we do that it makes it easier to look at our failures and concentrate on them instead of trying to fix them. It also makes it easier to become depressed or anxious. People get in the habit of using these beliefs and thoughts over time and have a hard time breaking there habits. My final component to a healthy personality is a collaboration of several different theories. They all have to do with how we perceive ourselves and how we feel about ourselves. Individual theories that will be discussed are self perception, the self concept, self esteem, and ideal self. I feel that all of these things are closely related and tied together very intricately. They are reflected within each other and none could really be complete without the others. Self perception is an ongoing and constantly changing view of what we are. It can be broken down into three major components, they are: the physical self, the social self, and the personal self. The physical self is the bodies we walk around in and the unique features each of them possess. Our physical appearance has an enormous effect on a healthy personality. Some people tower over others and some, like me, wish they had a few more inches. Some people are physically more beautiful than other people, and in turn get more attention for their appearance. Other people are ridiculed for their appearance. How people deal with their physical self has a lot to do with a healthy personality. For example if a young girl really wants to be a model, but is not cut out to be one, the realization that she will not be a model will have a profound effect on her personality. Perhaps she will take on negative attitudes about her body and appearance. Maybe those attitudes will develop into false beliefs that people, including her, are somehow not as valuable unless they are beautiful. You can also look at it from the other end, perhaps a very beautiful young lady develops negative feelings about unattractive people. And those feelings develop into beliefs that she is better than everyone else and the most beautiful person on earth. How we deal with the fact that we are constantly being judged and evaluated on our physical appearance has a profound effect on personality. The social self is the many different masks and roles we play in social and home settings. You might play the role of a sophisticated gentleman at a fancy Christmas party, or the role of a brother, sister, mother, father, or child within a household. How we use these different roles and masks has an effect on our personality. What if you went to fancy Christmas parties in wholly jeans and a t-shirt? You would probably be looked down upon. And if you did that all the time, that is use the wrong social masks in the wrong situation, it would affect your personality negatively. The personal self is the part of you that nobody else knows. It is the constantly changing feeling of being yourself, with always changing emotions, attitudes, and feelings. The personal self includes our names and self concept. Our names do have a small effect on our personality. They can change others perception of us, which can lead to many different things, but for the most part peoples names do not have a profound impact on personality. A self concept is an impression or concept of yourself. It is a collaboration of personal traits you feel are important, and your own impression on how you stack up to these traits. Your self concept can have positive and negative impacts on your personality. If you have a very rigid view on what values you should have and you do not live up to them you could consider yourself not worthy. It can lower your self esteem, which is another closely related concept. Self esteem is approving of yourself. It is respecting yourself as a valuable person. Self esteem is said to form in childhood when parents either show conditional or unconditional love. This can have a profound affect on personality. People with lower self esteem tend to be depressed more and are shown to be more susceptible to suicide. Flip side of the story, people with high self esteem tend to live happier lives with overall healthier personalities. Concepts of how we ought to be is our ideal selves. This is all the traits we think we should be full of. Things like compassion, honesty, or it can be things like physical appearance, height, and hair color. The closer we actually are to what we think we should be correlates to ones self esteem. That is, the closer we are, the higher our self esteem. If we think we are not up to par with ourselves it can lower self esteem. Our concept of self is a very intricate and delicate web of emotions and outside pressures we need to keep tabs on. The concepts in this essay are a lot like car accessaries. You can add new shiny paint to show of its physical appearance and you can add snow tires to adapt to different road conditions in the future. What we do to our vehicles that we have is up to us. We have the innate ability to change our surroundings and ourselves. That is why a lot of these components are related. If we feel like we have low self esteem we can start exercising to feel better, which will in turn allow us to be physically fit. Physical fitness will allow us to feel less stress about being overweight or lazy, and that in turn will allow us to concentrate on adapting to our natural surroundings. How to cite Healthy Personality: Ability to Adapt Change and Handle Stress, Essay examples

The Waiting Room free essay sample

It was one of the hottest days of summer when i first got to visit my sister in the hospital. Hopping out of the old blue minivan that belonged to my grandfather, I found myself wishing that my sister could have been born during one of the winter months. That way I wouldn’t have had to leave the nice cool confines of my living room only to find myself standing in the middle of an old hospital parking lot, with the hot afternoon sun beating down against my skin. I turned to look at my grandfather and was unsurprised to see that he was still seated in the old blue van, taking his time getting out. I always though of my grandfather as a funny looking man. He had a thin body, a bald head, short legs, and these very large hands. His hands were so out of proportion with the rest of his body that I often wondered whether or not they even belonged to him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Waiting Room or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It had almost seemed like he had taken someone else’s hands, albeit someone much bigger than him, and just sewn them onto the ends of his arms as his own. I knew this couldn’t be true, of course, but you can never keep a kid from wondering. His face was stern and hard looking. It was easy to be intimidated by his seemingly serious demeanor at first. He had a way of smiling though, this full gown crinkle eyed smile, which would quickly soften anyone’s heart and tear down any sort of defensive wall they had thrown up before. Once my grandfather was out of the car, we made our way across the crowded parking lot, swerving and zigzagging around the many parked cars. As we got closer to the building I grabbed hold of one of my grandfathers large hands. There were many people bustling about and I didn’t want to lose him in the crowd. The hospital doors opened as we walked near,and,to my relief, welcomed us in with a gust of cool air. The first thing I noticed about the hospital was the smell. It smelt very clean and sterile. It reminded me of the way a brand new toy would smell just after taking it out of the packaging. It was cold in the hospital too. I almost began to walk back outside, seeking that warm afternoon sun i had felt before, but my grandfather still had hold of my hand and had begun tugging me towards one of the long grey desks that stood in the back of the room. We were instructed by the young woman behind the desk to have a seat in one of the any red chairs they had placed around the room. My grandfather chose a seat closest to the wall. I climbed up into the seat next to him and let out a sigh. Hearing no response from my grandfather, I looked over to him and saw that he had already closed his eyes and had his head slumped against his chest. He would probably take a nap. People of all sorts lined the waiting room walls. All of them looked either tired or impatient. An older lady with frizzy hair and dark circles under her eyes sat directly across from me. She had on an old worn out green sweater and was nervously twiddling with the ends of the sleeves. As I stared she looked up and caught my eyes in her own. I gave her my best smile and a slight wave, but all i received in return was a shaky head nod before she looked away. Feeling rejected I turned to my grandfather and gently shook him awake. â€Å"Grandpa,† I whispered, â€Å"whats wrong with that lady?† I pointed to the frazzled woman seated across from us. â€Å" Don’t point!† My grandfather said curtly and snatched my hand out of the air. I yanked my hand from his and asked again, â€Å"but whats wrong with her?† My grandfather let out a long and exasperated sigh. â€Å"She’s probably just worried and tired.† He whispered in a tone of voice that suggested I stop asking questions. Feeling brave I asked one anyway. â€Å"Why is she worried?† My grandfather let out yet another sigh. He looked to me and I could see in his face the way he was searching for an answer to give me without leaving me room for another question. â€Å"Look around you.† He gestured around the room to the different people. Confused, I did as I was told. I saw the frazzled looking woman in the green sweater. To her right a few seats down sat a hefty man and a woman who I assumed to be his wife. They both wore somber looks on their faces, and the woman had wrinkles across her forehead from frowning for too long. Across from them a thin lonely looking man with floppy hair sat hunched over with his elbows on his knees and his head in his hands. To his left, near the window, stood a tall thin man with dark curly hair. He stood with his shoulders tense, and would frequently look down to check his watch before looking back toward one of the black and white clocks hanging around the room. I looked back to my grandfather and waited. â€Å"Do you see?† he asked, â€Å"This is a hospital. They’re all worried. All the people here are wayting to hear about their loved one who are sick or hurt.† I looked around again before asking,† But we’re not worried, are we grandpa?† It wouldn’t make sense for us to be worried, I thought. We just came to see my new baby sister. We didn’t know anyone who was sick. He smiled that crinkle eyed smile of his and answered, â€Å"No. We’re not.† I sat back in my chair and looked across at the women in the green sweater again. She was still twiddling with the ends of her sleeves. The man and his wife still wore somber faces. The thin man with the floppy hair still looked lonely. And the tall man was still checking his watch. I silently wished for them all to stop. It didn’t seem fair for them to be so worried. It also didn’t seem fair that they all had to wait for people who were sick while I had to wait for someone who wasn’t. â€Å"Are you sure they’re not waiting to meet new babies too?† I mumbled to my grandfather hopefully. â€Å"I’m pretty sure,’ he answered before closing his eyes again. That wasn’t fair. That meant that there were more sick people in the hospital than there were new healthy babies. That there were more worried people and barely any excited people. I wondered what that said about the rest of the world and the people not in the hospital. My grandfather said there was no way to tell if there was more sad and lonely people or more happy people. I told him that I hoped there were more happy people. He grinned at that and said, â€Å" Or just enough happy people to cheer the sad people up.† My grandfather always gave out clever phrases like that. I had never thought too much about the lives of other people before that day with my grandfather. I had always gone through life just passing people by and had never taken the time to think about how others might be doing. I guess in a way I hadn’t fully come to understand the fact that other people around me had a history, or a family, or troubles of their own. It was hard to think about the size of it all. Billions and billions of people living billions and billions of different lives. Everyone was doing something all at once. What really amazed me was the fact that some people could be in the same place at the same time, like the hospital, but feel so very different about being there. Sitting in that waiting room with my grandfather I had wanted the whole world to be happy. But now I realize that even though the entirety of the population can’t all be happy at once, it doesn’t hurt to pass along a smile every once in a while.

Geographical Division Essay Example

Geographical Division Essay Example Geographical Division Essay Geographical Division Essay I would entirely recommend this structure as there is a local decision making at the point of contact between the organisation and its customers (e. g. customer satisfaction from local dealer). It will also be cheaper to establish local distribution factories rather than to distribute from only one location (e. g. cost of transportation shipping, if so being the case is reduced)Nevertheless it could also be expensive to have a national organisation liaising with many different regional distribution factories, whereas if all customers liaise with Head office they might need fewer managerial staff. Also contradiction in standards may develop from one area to another. Having the accountability and flexibility advantages of product-based management without the duplication and the division of the functional departments will be somehow fabulous and this is where the Matrix structure comes in, it crosses both the functional and product structure. And one of the distinctive features of a matrix structure is that the employee will report to two bosses (sometimes more) rather than the traditional one. One of these authorities, usually the functional area will manage the formal side of the employment contract (e. g. salary, attendance, appraisals etc. ); they are responsible for their own activities and staff. The other line of authority product-based is used to involve the employees in the production, selling, distribution etc. of the product. The product managers will be the co-ordinators of all the different functions towards their particular objectives. Introducing a Matrix structure to Airgen plc could have a positive affect because it has a lot to offer. The mixing of skills and expertise will be a benefit of working together in functional areas. : It will avoid Airgen unnecessary costs, since the same employees can contribute to different company projects. The head of departments will be free to organise their staff, while the production managers will be responsible for delivering the product to customers (by customer expectations)One of the main objections to Matrix is the creation of confusion over who reports to whom and about the priorities that should be attached to different tasks, occupying two roles can cause conflict between the team members, and this could lead to emotional stress. It is also difficult to demonstrate their individual contribution as they are changing from team to team. Outsiders will struggle not knowing to which line manager they will have to speak/report to. Opportunities for promotion are very limited since the movement lateral. Although the matrix structure have much to offer there is a saying that no man can serve two masters

All About Pirates and Their Treasure

All About Pirates and Their Treasure We’ve all seen the movies where one-eyed, peg-leg pirates make off with great wooden chests full of gold, silver, and jewels. But this image isnt really accurate. Pirates only rarely got their hands on treasure like this, but they did still take plunder from their victims. Pirates and their Victims During the so-called Golden Age of piracy, which lasted roughly from 1700 to 1725, hundreds of pirate ships plagued the waters of the world. These pirates, while generally associated with the Caribbean, did not limit their activities to that region. They also struck off the coast of Africa and even made forays into the Pacific and Indian Oceans. They would attack and rob any non-Navy ship that crossed their paths: mostly merchant and slave vessels plying the Atlantic. The plunder the pirates took from these ships mainly were trade goods profitable at the time. Food and Drink Pirates often plundered food and drink from their victims: Alcoholic drinks, in particular, were rarely if ever allowed to continue on their way. Casks of rice and other foodstuffs were taken on board as needed, although the less cruel pirates would leave enough food for their victims to survive. Fishing ships were often robbed when merchants were scarce, and in addition to the fish, pirates would sometimes take tackle and nets. Ship Materials Pirates rarely had access to ports or shipyards where they could repair their vessels. Their ships were often put to hard use, meaning that they were in constant need of new sails, ropes, rigging tackle, anchors, and other things necessary for the day-to-day maintenance of a wooden sailing vessel. They stole candles, thimbles, frying pans, thread, soap, kettles, and other mundane items and would often also plunder wood, masts, or parts of the ship if they needed them. Of course, if their own ship were in really bad shape, the pirates would sometimes simply swap ships with their victims! Trade Goods Most of the loot gained by pirates was trade goods being shipped by merchants. Pirates never knew what they would find on the ships they robbed. Popular trade goods at the time included bolts of cloth, tanned animal skins, spices, sugar, dyes, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, wood, and more. Pirates had to be choosy about what to take, as some items were easier to sell than others. Many pirates had clandestine contacts with merchants willing to purchase such stolen goods for a fraction of their true worth and then resell them for a profit. Pirate-friendly towns such as Port Royal, Jamaica, or Nassau, Bahamas, had many unscrupulous merchants willing to make such deals. Slaves Buying and selling slaves was a very profitable business during the Golden Age of piracy, and slave ships often were raided by pirates. Pirates might keep the slaves to work on the ship or sell them themselves. Often, the pirates would loot the slave ships of food, weapons, rigging, or other valuables and let the merchants keep the slaves, who were not always easy to sell and had to be fed and cared for. Weapons, Tools, and Medicine Weapons were very valuable. They were the tools of the trade for pirates. A pirate ship without cannons and a crew without pistols and swords were ineffective, so it was the rare pirate victim that got away with his weapon stores unplundered. Cannons were moved to the pirate ship and the holds cleared of gunpowder, small arms, and bullets. Tools were as good as gold, whether they be carpenters tools, surgeons knives, or navigational gear (such as maps and astrolabes). Likewise, medicines were often looted: Pirates were often injured or ill, and medicines were hard to come by. When Blackbeard held Charleston, North Carolina, hostage in 1718, he demanded- and received- a chest of medicines in exchange for lifting his blockade. Gold, Silver, and Jewels Of course, just because most of their victims didnt have any gold doesnt mean that the pirates never got any at all. Most ships had a little gold, silver, jewels, or some coins aboard, and the crew and captains were often tortured to get them to reveal the location of any such stash. Sometimes, pirates got lucky: In 1694, Henry Avery and his crew sacked the Ganj-i-Sawai, the treasure ship of the Grand Moghul of India. They captured chests of gold, silver, jewels, and other precious cargo worth a fortune. Pirates with gold or silver tended to spend it quickly when in port. Buried Treasure? Thanks to the popularity of Treasure Island, the most famous novel about pirates, most people think that the bandits went around burying treasure on remote islands. In fact, pirates rarely buried treasure. Captain William Kidd buried his loot, but hes one of the few known to have done so. Considering that most of the pirate treasure to be had was delicate, such as food, sugar, wood, ropes, or cloth, its not surprising that idea is mostly a myth. Sources Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Dover Maritime, 60742nd edition, Dover Publications, January 26, 1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2009 Konstam, Angus. The Pirate Ship 1660-1730. New York: Osprey, 2003

Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counse Assignment

Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counse - Assignment Example The new therapist had some good guiding techniques that helped make progress during the session. It is extremely important to know the major theories in counseling, but even more important still is to know when and what circumstances to apply them on. The therapist was able to figure out that the problems he was dealing with stemmed from childhood and personal experiences. This is evident of evidence-based practice, which is where rather than incorporating one theory, they apply specific techniques for intervention on a specific problem (Corey, 2009). The therapist was then able to lead the client on a guided introspection which is good in having the client understand their problems by looking at themselves. Empathy and positive encouragement were also extremely good techniques in order to build understanding with the client. This also was a good example of listening, with the therapist asking for input from the client as well as the guide and pace method (Levitt 2001). Empathy and u nderstanding help build the trust and understanding between the two. Positive encouragement is good in instilling confidence in the patient and evoking positive feelings. As a new therapist, it is a given that mistakes will be made. There were some major flaws in the first counseling session.

An equal opportunity of Homosexuality through history Essay

An equal opportunity of Homosexuality through history - Essay Example isms, the homosexual community is often described as marginalised and vulnerable since they are at high risk of coping with psychosocial problems in relation to both actual and anticipated reactions of fear from the people around them. The homosexuals may be also prone to harassment, physical and verbal attacks, and the risk of being exposed to having an HIV infection, and STD particularly for the male homosexuals (Clermont & Durand, 1997, p.8). This paper seeks to discuss an issue concerning homosexuality particularly with regard to the health and social care of homosexuals. Furthermore, this seeks to evaluate the impact of historical and contemporary beliefs of homosexuality from an anti-heterosexist perspective. Empirical studies on homosexuality only began in the late 20th century regardless of the number of case studies and theoretical writings conducted particularly with regard to its treatment (Morin, 1977, p.630). Contemporary beliefs on gays and lesbians were greatly changed and influenced due to the pioneering studies that centered on homosexuality. Among the most influential of these pioneering studies were probably those of Martin, Kinsey, and Pomeroy whose works have demonstrated the extensive presence of homosexual behaviour contrary to what most people previously believed in (1948 cited in Morin, 1977, p.630). In the early times, most psychologists and psychiatrists believed that homosexuality is associated to a mental disorder (McConaghy, 1993, p.127). Other scholars considered it as a symptom of emotional disorder while others regard it as one of the severe disorders of intelligence and personality (Hooker, 1957; Curran, et al., 1980 cited in McConaghy, 1993, p.127). These beliefs, however, may imply a liberal approach or attitude toward homosexuality considering that its long history of moral and legal beliefs was perceived to be as unnatural and criminal. Above all, its existence in traditional societies is usually cited as the common

Destroying the Rain Forests: Human effects on Natures Essay examples --

Destroying the Rain Forests: Human effects on Natures The rain forests are one of the most unique places on the planet earth. They are home to several thousand species of animals that live no where else in the world1. They are also one of the primary sources of oxygegn of the world. One cannot even begin to describe the sheer beauty of the rain forests. However, the interaction of man with these marvels of nature has had a negative effect. Through agriculture, societal development and the search for raw materials mankind is destroying these marvels of nature. The rain forests are a display of the negative effects of humans on nature. One of the biggest destroyers of the rainforest is farming. Farmers in areas inhabited by the rainforest are cutting down, burning and taking over the rain forest land to make room for farming. These lands once inhabited by the beautiful forests are being turned into crop fields and cattle pastures. This would have to happen if the farmers used efficient farming methods. Most of the farmers however are chopping and burning the rain forests to make fertile land, and then draining the life out the land by overusing it2. They then move on and take out more land to farm with. These farmers are taking out the rainforests at an enormous rate. They are however not the only source of rain forest destruction. Another cause of deforestation of the rain forest is the population growth of humans3. The population is growing at an enormous rate. As population grows so does the search for space. In tropical climates rainforests occupy forty-nine percent of the land and twenty-five percent of the land is covered by closed rain forest4. Parts of Asia and Africa are covered by as much as forty-one percent ra... ...an, 103 8. Bawa, Kamaljit, and McDade, Lucinda, eds. La Selva: Ecology and NaturalHistory of a Neotropical Rain Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. 109 9. Bawa, 154 10. Jordan 333 11. Barraclough, 184 12. Barraclough, 316 13. Bawa, 201 14. Jordan, 35 15. Barraclough, 21 Bibliography. - Barraclough, Solon L., and Ghimire, Krishna B. Forests and Livelihoods: The S.ocial Dynbamics of Deforestation in Developing Countries. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. - Bawa, Kamaljit, and McDade, Lucinda, eds. La Selva: Ecology and NaturalHistory of a Neotropical Rain Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. - Jordan, C.F., Ed. An Amazonian Rain Forest: The Structure and Function of a Nutrient Stressed Ecosystem and the Impact of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. Athens, GA: UNESCO, 1989.

Membership Record Management System Essay

Introduction In the present times were now in the era of modernization and one of the examples of the technologies that has been made is the computer. A computer now a days not only focuses in the line business, politics, education, and economics. It also places a major role in terms of religion. Just like the religion of Methodist Christian. Computers are used to record information, stored date and maintain information about the people that involves the institution. Computers processes are readily available to keep tracks of records, to right data and information to add or delete records and many more. As for now a days different kinds of establishments uses computers as part of their everyday operation. Record management for religions is also a sector affects by the influence of the computers because of the modern technology now a days. In addition for that, Methodist equips computer facilities that are very essential in an organization to use. This system helped other areas that involves in the institution by shifting the manual process of their task to automate processing, from manual records to computerize. And for that, the proponents have decided to develop a membership record management system that will help the said locale. 1:1 Background of the study United Methodist Church (UMC) is a Methodist Christian denomination that is both mainline Protestant and Evangelical. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. One of the Church is the Immanuel United Methodist Church in Palawe City of San Fernando Pampanga.This church has no proper way of recording the list of new member and other information of the church. The study will focus about the manual usage of registration to computerized way. The proponents will develop a system that will make the registration of the members easier and faster. This system will help the church to save, edit, retrieve and print the records of the members. 1.2 Statement of the Problem When were conducting the membership for the Methodist church were still  encountering so many problems on how we will make the registration easier. 1.2.1 General Problem The problem that the facilitators observed and the one that we’re trying to solve in the church are these: accommodating of registrants is slow, false information that has been encoded and they use manual method in conducting the membership for the church. 1.2.2 Specific Problems These were the specific problems that we’ve encountered using the existing system: 1. The members and administrator of the church take a lot of time in processing the information for their records. 2. They don’t have a proper storage for the records due to that other files have been loss. 3. There is a difficulty of locating files because files are not organized properly. 4. The encoding of information of the members may be inaccurate because of manual encoding. 5. The members don’t have a printed copy about the information on their membership. 1.3 Objective of the Study The Immanuel United Methodist Church Membership Record Management System will make the registration of the members faster and easier. Files of the members will be stored and organized properly. 1.3.1 General Objectives To develop Membership Record Management System for Immanuel United Methodist Church. The locale that we’ve choose is located in Palawe City of San Fernando Pampanga. The proponents will attempt to lessen all the problems encountered in the existing system. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 1. To develop a system that will faster the processing of the information of the members. 2. To develop a system that will assure records security. 3. To develop a system that will provide fast searching and retrieval of recorded files. 4. To develop a system that will assure accurate and fast computation of the total members of the church. 5. To develop a system that  will provide a printed copy of their information. 1.4 Assumption In implementing the proposed system the proponents have set the following assumptions. 1. The proposed system will fasten the processing of the information of the members.. 2. The proposed system will assure records security. 3. The proposed system will provide fast searching and retrieval of recorded files. 4. The proposed system will assure accurate and fast computation of the total members of the church. 5. The proposed system will provide a printed copy of their information. 1.5 Conceptual Framework of the Study 1.6 Significance of the study The study aims to collect some significant information that will help the proponents in developing the proposed system which is IUMC Membership Record Management System. 1.6.1 Economic Significance With the implementation of the proposed system it will enable the registration to make it faster, more accurate, more significant, more efficient and secured. It will also have a brighter side in terms of economic businesses that are involve in the church that need to know about new technologies and membership system. 1.6.2 Educational Significance It will serve as a guiding tool in making computerized management system for future student that want to deal with system management. It will help computer students in building much better ideas for their own improvements. It will also serve as a reference guide for additional information in the field of Information Technology. 1.6.3 Social Significance It will enable the society to understand more about the importance of computerized system in these modern times. With the help of the system capabilities of doing the work will be easier and faster. 1.6.4 Technological Significance With the help of advance technology now a days these management related task are done faster. To help us now a days, service in churches use computers to be able to simplified more work. The proponents must experience what the technology can really do and how it transforms the traditional routine of work. By using computer equipments it will improve the performance of the church. 1.7 Scope & Delimitation The proponents believed that the proposed system will give the locale a great help and be more productive in performing their membership. These are the following capabilities that the proponents have set: 1. To perform some adding, editing, deleting or searching of records for members and what position they have in the church. 2. To have a process data of every attendant that goes on the church. 3. To have a computerized report, information and other gathered pieces of data. 4. To produce computerized printed copy to the member. 5. To perform a maximum update in each and every members that been encoded. 1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Record Management- Systematic administration of records and documented information for its entire members, information and for the management that handles the whole system. Information System- It is a combination of all the hardware’s, software’s and other facilities that involves about the system. In terms of planning, designing, analyzing and decision making for the system. Database- It is a systematically organized of records that allows easy retrieval, updating, analysis and output of records that represents almost every kind of information. Output- it is the information produce by a computer. Administrator- It is a person that is responsible for managing a computer or network and who has full access to the hardware and software. Members- These are the persons that are involve in managing the system. Protestant – a member of any several church denomination denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the reformation principles of justification by faith alone. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies Each and every educational study requires information from others so that they can improve the study given by the proponents. The proponents gathered other related literary pieces on preceding research and letters of recognized experts that would have important details in relation about the problem that under goes further explanations whether the related information is by means of existing papered documents, the study focuses on the acknowledgements and to further make stronger the start of the study. 2.1 Review of Related Literature 2.1.1 Foreign LiteratureThe terms record, document and data are not interchangeable. According to BS15489, a Record is â€Å"Information created, received and maintained as evidence and/or information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business†. A record has to be retained as long as it has value and is destroyed at the end of that period. A Document therefore, is everything else so â€Å"does a ‘document’ really need to be stored at all?† Today with the advances in technology, churches have adapted to change and in certain circumstances are accepting emails and other electronic forms of documents or correspondences as ‘best evidence’ where bone-fide hard copy originals are not available. In the past when churches were looking for solutions to remove or reduce costs from their projects, their first port was to remove old files from their expensive office space and put it into deep storage i n a remote warehouse where the price was low and access was minimal. This type of service tended to be used for inactive archival documents, as a low cost method of keeping them safe until the end of their  statutory retention period when they could be destroyed. This is the origins of Document Storage. As legislation and technology came into place requiring churches and organizations to keep documents as evidence and technology has developed, the need has moved to that of managing information. This sort of active management, so an organization can quickly and easily locate & retrieve the information it seeks, has proven to offer such organizations competitive advantage in addition to the more obvious benefit of regulatory compliance. Storing documents is not a simple as putting boxes in an empty warehouse. With the introduction of computers and the electronically created and stored data they have give rise to, we produce more paper records per head of employee than ever before. Companies increasingly find the ‘paperless office’ continu es to be a myth though the ‘less-paper’ office is becoming a reality. 2.1.2 Local Literature The world of local document storage has transformed into an industry that is unrecognizable from its origins, although the paper document continues to remain constant, in the minefield of acronyms that surround the technology that has come to encompass a full Records Management Program. As part of the wider picture organizations are expected to have a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) that includes Disaster Recovery Plans (DRP) all of which need to be safely secured but easy to retrieve. Enterprise content management (ECM), workflow mapping, digitization, hard copy storage web hosting of images and data mining are all part of the transformation that has come to represent the records management industry. After understanding the difference between what needs to be stored and what does not one then has to start understanding the different types or records and who is creating them. Most personnel are potential creators and they all need to understand whether the information they are creating should be stored securely and confidentially or securely destroyed. We have all heard of the recent stories of high profile laptops and information being stolen as well as identity theft fraudsters who rummage in bins to obtain details of clients in order to assume their identity. A formal in-house survey to understand who and where information should be stored can go a long way to creating a system understandable to all. 2.2 Related Studies 2.2.1 Foreign Studies The key to designing a successful records management system is to incorporate the following characteristics: firstly, one needs to be consistent in the manner in which records are captured, managed and maintained irrespective of whether they are electronic or paper records. Secondly they must be accessible to authorized people. One of the fears that people have when out sourcing records is discussed is whether their records will be accessible. A good records management company should be able to guarantee that records will be physically or digitally delivered to within 24 hours. Information must be held in a secure environment protect against floods, fire and intruders. Most records management organizations have password protected entry into their premises and do not publicly disclose the identity of their clients. In addition to the physical security and protection of the storage environment the documents also needs to be shown to be the original, free of any alteration. This may require special management and it is important that the provider is able to adhere to stringent management controls. Finally, retention policies should reflect the requirements of law. It is pre-requisite to be able to provide a full audit trial of any item at any time and where appropriate a ‘Certificate of Destruction’ to prove that the document was destroyed in accordance with government laws. Despite the records management industry being quite a complex industry, the barriers of entry remain very low and we still find anyone with a warehouse a transport network feels more capable than records management specialist to enter into the industry at the detriment of their clients who may find the lower costs being charged are actually resulting in their records not being held in an environmentally controlled warehouse and resulting in damaged records. 2.2.2 Local Studies While meeting statutory requirements is important, widespread usage of the records management system primarily rests upon meeting the first two goals (filing and retrieving records). In this era of enterprise-wide rollouts of records management systems, the users of the classification scheme have changed dramatically. While historically the classification was only really used by the centralized records management staff, it will now be used by  staff throughout the organization. In order to meet these needs, the classification scheme must be understandable by general business staff. It is clear that: If staffs are unable to easily determine where to file records, the records management system will become littered with miss-filed documents. If staff cannot easily find documents at a later date, then they will simply abandon use of the records management system entirely. For these reasons, the effective design of the classification scheme becomes an imperative. 2.3 Difference between the Previous Study and the Proposed Study The existing system of Immaculate United Methodist Church(IUMC) only uses manual process for record management, they just use typewriters and bond papers when they have to input information so therefore the papers of the members are not secure. And also they need a lot of time to organize the records of the registrants. The proposed system â€Å"Immaculate United Methodist Church Record Management System† will help the members of the church to have a clear access of their records and also a printed output of it also the records of the members will be secured. They don’t have to write and type manually. The said system will also automatically generate all records of the members. In this manner the workloads of the administrator and the other person’s that are related on the organization.

Biology Exam - 1670 Words

1. The classification system developed by Linnaeus in the early 1700s divided living organisms into plant and animal kingdoms. Today, that has been expanded into five kingdoms. Which of the following inventions was most responsible for creating the need for the additional three kingdoms and why? (2 points) (0 pts) Fossil fuel-based transportation made it easier to explore and discover new species. (0 pts) Genetic engineering created new species which then needed new kingdoms. (2 pts) Microscopes made it possible to learn more about single-celled organisms. (0 pts) The Internet allowed scientists to discuss differences between organisms easily. 2 /2 points 2. If two organisms belong to the same phylum, they both must†¦show more content†¦How are the autotrophic protists different from the heterotrophic protists? (2 points) (2 pts) The autotrophic protists can photosynthesize, while the heterotrophic protists cannot. (0 pts) The autotrophic protists eat by endocytosis, while the heterotrophic protists use pinocytosis. (0 pts) The heterotrophic protists can all move around, while the autotrophic protists are immobile. (0 pts) The heterotrophic protists reproduce by spores, while the autotrophic protists form eggs. 0 /2 points 10. In what way are slime molds similar to kelp? (2 points) (2 pts) They are both protists that play a role in the food chain. (0 pts) They are both protists that require a dry environment. (0 pts) They are both autotrophic protists. (0 pts) They are both heterotrophic protists. 2 /2 points 11. Which of the following accurately compares the stolon and mycelium in fungi? (2 points) (0 pts) The stolon contains sporangia, while the mycelium stores water and nutrients. (0 pts) The stolon releases enzymes to break down food, while the mycelium provides structure and support. (0 pts) The stolon transports water and nutrients, while the mycelium releases spores. 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Along with experimental and practical courses on basic biochemical and biophysical techniques and th e relevant molecular genetic techniques, the fundamental courses on Molecular biology and geneticRead MoreHow I Got Where I Am Today1338 Words   |  6 Pageszookeeper or work with marine animals. In my free time, I enjoyed watching the Planet Earth documentaries and the Discovery Channel. At the time, my dream was to attend a college on the West Coast, studying marine biology. I took every science class my high school had to offer – AP Biology, Anatomy, Zoology, etc. In addition to the science classes, my other favorite class was AP Psychology. Deep down, a small part of me was fascinated with aspects of people and their health. I did well in every subjectRead MoreHuman Body Systems Career Journal974 Words   |  4 Pagesdetective cases. Entry #2 Activity: 1.3.2 Careers in Identify Definition DNA Analyst DNA Analyst Interview Q1. What college education do you need to meet the requirements to become a DNA analyst? A1. I needed a bachelor’s degree in molecular biology genetics forensic sciences but it is helpful to have some knowledge of laboratory procedures. Q2. What are some duties you have on a daily basis? A2. I spend most of my time cataloging and analyzing DNA for evidence. I am sometimes called to court

Essay on A Feminist Reading of John Updikes AP - 1321 Words

A Feminist Reading of AP Gone are the days that humans could live impulsively, only taking physical pain and pleasure into account when making decisions. Or so one would like to believe. In a display of sheer innocence and ignorance, Sammy, a grocery clerk at the A P, managed to revert back to the original behavior patterns of his ape-like ancestors. One cannot possibly predict the future of Sammy, given his own illogical and irrational behavior. But one can, through a careful examination of Sammys life, determine that Sammy is just a naive, young man whose impulsive acts, partly as a consequence of his upbringing, compel him to participate in a cause not worth fighting for, instead of using his talents for more constructive†¦show more content†¦He had only one goal: do everything in his power to impress the girls, making sure they would not escape the hallowed A P without having awe-filled reverence for the grocery clerk named Sammy. However, from the beginning, Sammys idealistic dreams of renown had a sour taste to them. Sammy began his grocery clerk glory days as a victim of his own parents over watchfulness. His parents had known Lengel, the store manager, for years, and took it upon themselves to get Sammy a job. Perhaps his parents believed that doing Sammys dirty work would somehow shelter Sammy from the so-called real world, or perhaps they merely wanted the best for their son, and getting him a job was their way of giving Sammy what they felt he was due. Whatever his parents motives were, the end result was somewhat of a loss of Sammys independence. Given the circumstances surrounding the rest of the story, it is not unreasonable to assume that Sammy had felt somewhat dependent upon his parents and did not like that dependence at all. But he had never faced the right circumstance that may have potentially given him a reason, or an excuse, to break his ties with his parents and become truly independent. Lengel points out, Sammy, you dont want to do this to your Mom and Dad . . . Youll feel this for the rest of your life (Updike 411). Despite this warning, Sammy is more than willing to break the unwritten covenant he has with his parents and attemptsShow MoreRelatedA P By John Updike1441 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updike is considered one of the greatest writers in modern American history. He is known for the idea that seemingly ordinary aspects of American life are actually quite fascinating. He wanted readers to see the beauty and magic of life, so he tried to describe everyday things using the most clear but beautiful language possible. Many of Updike’s pieces are drawn from his own life such as his marriage and his boyhood, as shown in three of his short stories: â€Å"AP†, â€Å"Ace in the Hole†, and â€Å"PigeonRead MoreEssay about Contrast of Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†687 Words   |  3 PagesContrast of Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† and John Updike’s â€Å"APâ⠂¬  â€Å"AP† and â€Å"Girl† both symbolized the protagonists’ oppression by an older, more experienced generation. However, Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† was artistic with an undercurrent of selfless love and hope while Updike’s â€Å"AP† was uninspiring with selfishness and lust. The protagonist of â€Å"Girl† discouraged her daughter’s dreams out of love. The protagonist of â€Å"A P† encouraged the antagonists’ out of a selfish desire for self-promotion. The short storyRead MoreLiterary Criticism for John Updike AP2060 Words   |  9 Pages Literary Criticisms on John Updike’s â€Å"AP† First and Last Name Class Section 11/21/13 http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_10_img0695.jpg Introduction: John Updike is considered to be one of the greatest modern American writers. He was able to use his All-American upbringing as inspiration for a lot of his writing, making it relatable to many people. Updike was born in Reading, Pennsylvania on March 18, 1932. He moved around in the area during his childhood, and the rural PennsylvaniaRead MoreA P By John Updike914 Words   |  4 Pages Living in California we see women in swimsuits quite often, maybe too often. Still we have those people that find the need to objectify women, even the ones they have seen many times. Although that is what Sammy does in John Updike’s â€Å"AP†. The way â€Å"AP† depicts the young girls is objectifying: from how the main character describes the young women, how he disrespects the older lady he was checking out, the manager kicking the girls out of the store because of what they are wearing, and how the girlsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P1293 Words   |  6 PagesJohn U pdike is viewed by his readers as a progressive voice in his work that promotes feminist issues. He makes these issues stand out more evidently, rather than hidden, in order for the reader to realize how women are viewed in society. From reading Updike’s AP, the story sends the message to readers of genders working together to strive for equality. If readers do not carefully and actively read AP they may miss key messages about the power men hold over women, not just in society but in literatureRead MoreSelf-Motivation and Egocentrism in John Updike’s AP871 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Peden once called John Updike’s â€Å"AP† â€Å"deftly narrated nonsense...which contains nothing more significant than a checking clerks interest in three girls in bathing suits† (Peden). While Peden’s criticism may be harsher than necessary, it is hard to find fault with his analysis. Sammy’s tale offers little more than insight into an egocentric and self-motivated mind, and while Updike may disagree with that conclusion, a close reading of the text offers significant evidence to support thisRead MoreMain Themes Of Individualism In Queenies Girl Femininity854 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades ago were. This story relates to feminist perspectives. The mother in Girl expects a a lot from of her daughter, and she does not hesitate to let her know. In each of the stories the characters each accentuate the author story, each involve young women. Understanding each character is important because it shows you why they do what they do, it gives reason to each center of the story. So each character becomes the main point of the story. The girls in both AP and Girl supposed to seem innocent

The Major Punishment For Criminal Acts - 1526 Words

Title of Paper David Worth Thomas Nelson Community College Criminology (ADJ-201) Jeremy Barnett November 3, 2015 In the last few centuries, jails have been utilized as the major punishment for criminal acts. Some of the common punishments used earlier include public humiliation, corporal punishment, and penal bondage. However, capital punishment along with banishment was used for severe offences. In the recent past, according to the statistics from the Department of Justice, an estimated 2338,000 individuals are in state prisons, more than 90,000 are in the federal prison, and more than 5,000 are in juvenile facilities. In the same way, more than 20,000 are in territorial prisons and military prisons, as well as local jails. By October 2013, America had the highest rate of incarceration across the globe at 718 per 100,000 people. It is equally important to note that as of December 2014, the International Centre for Prison Studies reported that there were 2, 783,689 prisoners from the total population of 319 million. The major causes of increased incarceration rate increased sentencing laws, pri vatization of the prisons, and drug sentencing laws. It has resulted in prisons not serving their purpose of correcting the inmates as well as being a habitable place for everyone. Therefore, reform aims at enhancing the conditions that are inside the jails. In the same way, it also entails coming with alternative ways of incarceration. Drawing on a variety of sources, theShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrinal Design Has Been Used To Study The Jurisprudential1425 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the status of child witnesses in the Criminal Justice system? 1.6 Chapterization Scheme:It should in sentence format CHAPTER NAME CONTENTS 1. Introduction Witness assumes additional significance in adversarial system of criminal justice where the onus of proving the case lies on the prosecution and the witness of prosecution becomes important in the pursuit of exploring the truth. 2. Criminal Justice System in India Our adversarial criminal justice system aims at reducing the level of criminalityRead MoreCriminal Justice System: Classical School Theory1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss a major theory that has helped shape our criminal justice system today and how it came about. There are multiple major theories that made the criminal justice system what it is today, but I will only be discussing one theory and the theory that I will be covering in this paper is the classical school theory. I chose this theory because I believe that people have a choice to decide what they do. That also plays a part in the criminal activities that they participateRead MorePrisons May Cause Individuals to Reoffend1621 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Currently, statistics indicate that 60 percent of criminals have reoffended at some point in their lifetimes. Many argue that prison causes an individual to reoffend, however many oppose this belief and argue that other factors cause a high rate of reoffending. This controversial topic raises multiple questions regarding prison and its role in reoffending, as well as what other factors can cause an individual to reoffend. The question then raised is: â€Å"to what extent does prison causeRead MoreInterconnection to Social Problems Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesof crime, punishment, and poverty. Here are the points that will be elaborated on: Criminal sanctions and victimization work to form a system of disadvantage that perpetuates stratification and poverty; Punishment impacts individuals convicted of felonies, as well as their families, peer groups, neighborhoods, and racial group; After controlling for population differences, African Americans are incarcerated approximately sev en times as often as Whites; Variation in criminal punishment is linked toRead MorePunishment Is The Punishment An Individual948 Words   |  4 PagesRetribution can be described with these two words: Deserved Punishment. Retribution is the punishment an individual receives contingent upon the severity of their wrong doings. They must â€Å"pay their debts†. The authors of the text â€Å"Criminal Justice in America† mentions that if the government fails to sentence the individual to an appropriate amount of punishment, society will take the situation into their own hands (Cole, Smith and DeJong 277). If a murderer receives 5 years in prison, the familyRead MoreClassical Criminological Theory On Crime And Punishment1318 Words   |  6 Pagescriminological theory still relevant to today’s society in explaining the causes of crime? This essay will address this question by discussing the major components of classical criminological theory while highlighting its st rengths and weaknesses. The essay will also examine a more modern criminological theory, Merton’s anomie/strain theory, and decipher major differences between the two theories. This essay will also explain the aspects of classical criminological theory that are applicable or outdatedRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Watching the news, listening to the radio or reading a newspaper shows proof of this cruelty. So what can be done about these criminals? Capital punishment has been exposed throughout history; â€Å"In the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608, Captain George Kendall was hanged for the capital offense of treason. Among other serious capital crimes in colonial times were murder, rape and witchcraft† (Fridell). The death penalty has been underRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology935 Words   |  4 Pages What are the three major principles of the Clas sical School of Criminology? The major principles in the Classical School of Criminology are that humans are rational and that our behavior comes from free will, and our human behavior is derived from pain and pleasure. To deter criminal’s punishment is necessary, which may set an example for others. As well as crime prevention should be implemented with quick regulated punishment for violations of the law. What were some forerunners of classicalRead MoreEssay on White-Collar Crime Vs. Street Crime1070 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities, headline news, or daily criminal activity. Shootings, stabbings, homicides, etc. are all discussed by media anchors these days. This causes most everyone in our society to become familiar with crimes that are considered street crimes. What most people don’t hear about on the news is what is considered white-collar crime, sometimes known as corporate crime. White-collar crime not only is less reported in the media but also receives weaker punishments than street crime. This paper willRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment vs. Rehabilitation Helen Olko October 1, 2012 Abstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system  is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing

Changes Kennedy brought to American Foreign Policy Free Essays

Eisenhower believed that there could not be a military solution to Cold War problems and that America could to shape the world’s destiny. He accepted limitations on America’s role. Kennedy did not. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes Kennedy brought to American Foreign Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The changes he brought to American Foreign Policy were active and bold. This contrasted Eisenhower passive and cautious approach. Kennedy sought to restore the prestige and primacy of the presidency. His recurring theme was â€Å"l think it is time for America to start moving again†, and his actions sought to reveal a dynamic militancy. He set to dramatically increase American strength including increasing the defense budget ($40 bill to $56 b†), and arms production (missile launchers, long range bombers, submarines, and CUBISM). This ignited the greatest arms race in the history of mankind. In hindsight we can now see that the more missiles America built, the less secure the country was. However, his changes extended far beyond nuclear delivery weapons. Kennedy wanted to Increase America’s conventional war capableness and guerrilla warfare forces. Unlike Eisenhower, he wanted the ability to intervene anywhere; this new strategy was called flexible response. The Third World provided the key to Kennedy’s new American Frontiers. He wanted to be able to respond to Communist aggression at any level and set out to build a interdependency force that could stamp out revolutions in Third World countries. The force came to be called the Green Berets, and its aim was to apply American techniques and know-h ow in guerrilla warfare situations to solve the problems of national liberation. Its greatest appeal was that It avoided direct confrontation with the Soviet Union. Vietnam was an Ideal battleground for the Green Berets. The US Increased economic and military aid In South Vietnam. However under the SEATS Treaty the US was not able to get involved in a civil war. Kennedy was not willing to and opposition to the government came from within. He carted the removal of forces through a coup of a South Viet leader that was not effective enough. America’s active role in Vietnam was a culmination of the policy of containment rather than a military- industrial complex conspiracy. Kennedy also initiated the Alliance for Progress program. It was a significant aid program to Latin American countries, many of which were at the stage of authoritarian military dictatorships. These were the kind of friendships that the United States attempted to foster. Kennedy’s commitment to be part of the new frontier was to combat third world liberation efforts. The USA wanted to ensure that there would be a degree of social and economic development. Through aid and investment, he believed that the Latin American countries would benefit. However, the Alliance was a failure primarily because there was significant underdevelopment and those who controlled the land, were the ones that benefited from such aid. Unlike Eisenhower, Kennedy initially believed that there was room for peaceful coexistence between the free capitalist world and communism. He attempted to compromise with the Soviet Union but when faced with aggression within Berlin, he returned to containment policies. Berlin was a problem for Kennedy. As a result of his foreign policy decisions, what had occurred was the emergence of a divided city by war. The Soviet building of the Wall and the eventual Western acceptance of it signified something about Kennedy’s diplomacy. It indicated that the Germans did not want liberty and demonstrated that the intentions of the Soviet to push the West out of Berlin were firm. However, failure to do so lead his search for opportunity elsewhere. He found it Cuba. The issue of Cuba was something of a bear trap by departing Eisenhower. The United States had significant investments in Cuba. But it had undergone a revolution that was led effectively by Fidel Castro, who began to nationalism American properties. The American response under Eisenhower was to undertake effective covert actions to sabotage Castro. The United States was determined to oust the Castro regime by training, organizing and equipping Cuban exiles in Guatemala and exporting them to the Bay of Pigs. This was an absolute disaster for the United States because Khrushchev saw this as an opportunity to place nuclear warheads close to the east coast of the United States. This crisis represented a direct threat to the United States. Rather than to listen to military advisors or the CIA (as had been done during the Bay of Pigs), Kennedy’s response was to convene Coxcomb, an executive committee of national security counsel. The Committee initiated a minimalist naval blockade to prevent the Soviets from sending any further material into Cuba. This quarantine on all offensive military equipment then allowed Kennedy to warn the Soviet that any missile launched from Cuba would require a retaliatory response. Through meetings with Soviet official, a deal was made to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba. This was a satisfactory ending How to cite Changes Kennedy brought to American Foreign Policy, Papers

Judicial Review free essay sample

Bear in mind, however, that some of the cases, which are classified below under ‘illegality’, are referred to as ‘unreasonable’ or ‘Wednesbury unreasonable’ in parts of the relevant literature. There are several grounds for the courts to rule illegality or unreasonableness, as shown below. Lack of authority In its least problematic version the doctrine of ultra vires covers the ‘illegality’ of actions/decisions taken by public bodies that had no statutory authority to act/decide. For example, in R v Richmond upon Thames City Council ex parte McCarthy and Stone Ltd [1992] AC 48 It was illegal for the local planning authority to levy a fee of ? 25 for informal consultation between corporation officers and property developers: charges can be levied on the public only on the basis of statutory authority and making charges was not an ‘incidental’ aspect of the normal functions of the planning authority. Compatibility/proportionality Any administrative interference with the rights enshrined in the Human Rights Act 1988 (HRA) must be compatible/proportional. Under s. 6 of the HRA, all public authorities are obliged to act/decide in a manner compatible with that Act, in other words either with full respect to the fundamental human rights it enshrines or by relying on legitimate reasons for interfering with such human rights (and only to the necessary degree). All public bodies, including courts and tribunals, are subject to the requirements of the HRA. Within JR the legality or illegality of any administrative decision/action’s interference with human rights will be determined by employing the principle of proportionality a principle of Continental European jurisprudence which is now considered part of English law, at least with regard to human rights cases. The principle of proportionality commands that power must be exercised only by means that are proportional to the objective that is being pursued. Thus, in R v Chief Constable of Sussex ex parte International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1999] 2 AC 418 The court assessed the proportionality of the decision of a Chief Constable to restrict the number of police officers present at a scene of confrontation between live animal exporters and animal rights activists: the number of police present had to be proportionate to the right of the exporters to export and of the demonstrators to engage in peaceful demonstration. There is discussion as to whether the proportionality test constitutes a new heading of JR. In this regard, in R (on the application of Alconbury Developments Ltd and Others) v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions [2001] 2 All ER 929 Lord Slynn expressed the opinion that ‘proportionality’ should be seen as part of the heading of ‘irrationality’ The compatibility of JR proceedings with human rights was itself questioned in Kingsley v United Kingdom, Application No 35605/97 (2001) 33 EHRR 13. The Strasbourg-based European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled that the JR proceedings, restricted as they are to examining the quality of a decision making process rather than the merits of a decision, cannot be said to fully satisfy the ‘right to a fair trial’. Error of law * If a public authority is to act within its powers (intra vires) it must conduct itself according to law. An ‘error of law’ takes place either when the authority misinterprets its legal powers Perilly v Tower Hamlets Borough Council [1973] QB 9) – The local authority believed –erroneously- that it was obliged to consider applications for stall licenses in a street market in the order in which they were received. The effect of this was to deny a license to Perilly even though his mother, by then deceased had held a license for some 30 years. The license granted to an incoming applicant in preference to Perilly was set aside by the court. * Another instance would be when it comes to an unreasonable conclusion (see Coleen Properties Ltd v Minister of Housing [1971] 1 All ER 1049 and Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Council [1977] AC 1014). In addition, when Parliament entrusts an administrative body with powers to determine cases, it intends that body to reach a decision based on the ‘correct facts’. In this regard, courts of law are said not to be well suited to undertake fact-finding tasks but if an administrative body wrongly interprets the facts of a case, this may result in the court intervenin g to correct the error in fact (see Pulhofer v Hillingdon London Borough Council [1986] AC 484). * Overall, the distinction between errors of law and errors of fact is not always clear. A major example of this was provided in the case of Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147. There, the House of Lords decided that the error of fact committed by the public authority (the Foreign Compensation Commission) was of such magnitude as to be a jurisdictional error of law: the commission had deprived itself of the right to determine the claim because of its error in law. Not all such errors will have this effect. Or, to be more precise, a court will not always assume the link between errors of fact and errors in law as they did in Anisminic. Failure to act A public authority may be under a statutory duty to take action and, depending on the specificity of that duty, may be held to be acting unlawfully if it fails to act. This is a difficult area of law in that some duties imposed are clear and precise and hence enforceable by the courts, whereas others may be of a general non-specific nature and thus the court cannot enforce them. Acting in bad faith In Cannock Chase District v Kelly [1978] 1 WLR 1, bad faith was defined as follows: †¦bad faith, or†¦lack of good faith, means dishonesty; not necessarily for a financial motive†¦It must not be treated as a synonym for an honest, though mistaken, taking into consideration of a factor which is in law irrelevant. ’ Using powers for the wrong purpose or inconsistently with the purposes of an Act In Attorney General v Fulham Corporation [1921] 1 Ch 440 The authority was entitled under statute to open non-profit washhouses for the public’s use, but, i nstead, it used its powers to open a commercial laundry. At times, however, an authority using its statutory powers in pursuit of the right purpose may be seen as lawfully taking other action which is incidental to its main task: Westminster Corporation v London and Northern Railway Company [1905] AC 426 – The corporation, which was entitled to build public conveniences, constructed a subway under the road and placed the conveniences there: the court agreed with the corporation that they did not exceed their powers by building the subway. * R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ex parte World Development Movement Ltd [1995] 1 All ER 611 – The Foreign Secretary had decided to grant financial aid of ? 234 million to the Malaysian government for the building of the Pergau dam, despite warnings from officials that the project was uneconomical and a waste of money. This decision was ultra vires because the Overseas Development and Cooperation Act 1980, under which the Secretary was claiming his powers, empowered him to authorise payments only ‘for the purpose or promoting the development or maintaining the economy of a country or territory outside the UK or the welfare of its people’. A House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Inquiry found that the Secretary had decided to authorise the grant in a secret deal with the Malaysian government involving the sale of British arms to Malaysia, worth ? 1. 3 billion. Onerous conditions attached to a decision A public authority may not attach to its decision any conditions that are difficult or impossible to perform. Pyx Granite Co Ltd v Ministry of Housing and Local Government [1958] 1 QB 554 The condition attached to the building permission that the developers must construct a road ancillary to the development at their own expense was ‘onerous’. Abuse of discretion * The allegation of illegality may also take the form of the public authority abusing the discretion that it was given by statute. The limits of JR with regard to discretion are that, in some instances, a statute has conferred very broad discretionary powers on an administrative body. Generally, the broader the conferred discretion, the more difficult it will be to seek review of a discretionary action/decision. A number of categories of abuse of discretion fall under this heading: (I) Relevant and irrelevant considerations An authority may have acted beyond its powers (ultra vires) because, in deciding, it took irrelevant considerations into account or, conversely, it failed to take relevant considerations into account. For example, in Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 The local authority was empowered by statute to pay its workers ‘as it thought fit’. Nevertheless, when the council decided to pay wages that were higher than the national average and t o pay men and women equally, it was held to have been acting beyond its powers. Its duty to ratepayers overrode its desire to improve the lot of its workers. * Similar considerations applied in Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1983] 1 AC 768 The Greater London Council (GLC), wishing to increase the number of passengers using public transport by decreasing fares, sought to pay for this by seeking a higher level of subsidy, the burden of which would fall on the ratepayers of London boroughs. The House of Lords held the GLC to be acting ultra vires. Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 Leicester City Council had suspended a local rugby club from using a local playing field because the club did not follow the advice of the council to cancel their tour of South Africa, which was then under the regime of apartheid. The House of Lords concluded that the council’s political policy, though morally justified, did not entitle the council to interfere with the club’s lawful activities. * Where, however, an irrelevant consideration does not affect the outcome of a decision, the court may hold that the authority acted within its powers (intra vires). R v Broadcasting Complaints Commission ex parte Owen [1985] QB 1153 The Broadcasting Authority – with the statutory responsibility of ensuring fairness in the allocation of broadcasting time for political parties at election time – refused to consider a complaint that a political party had been given too little broadcasting time. That decision was not challenged in the courts. However, while the Commission had some good reasons for not considering the complaint, it had also erred by giving weight to an irrelevant consideration, namely that the task would be burdensome. The court nevertheless held that the Commission was acting within its lawful discretion. (II) Unauthorised delegation Where powers are conferred by statute, they may not be delegated unless that delegation is authorised by law. Not all delegations will be unlawful: for instance, the courts do not hold that a minister must exercise each and every power personally. Thus, where the statute gives powers to a minister, these powers are also deemed to be conferred on his/her department. (III) Fettering discretion An authority may act ultra vires if, in the exercise of its powers, it adopts a policy which effectively means that it is not truly exercising its discretion at all. R v Port of London Authority ex parte Kynoch [1919] 1 KB 176 It was held that an authority could not adopt a rigid policy which had the effect of ensuring that applications of a certain category would not be invariably refused. In Kynoch, the applicant sought judicial review of the decision of the Port of London Authority to refuse him permission to construct a wharf on the land he owned adjoining the Thames river. Permission was refused on the basis that the Authority itself had a duty to provide the facilities. The challenge to the Authority’s decision failed, on the basis that it appeared to court that the Authority had given genuine consideration to the application on its merits. Irrationality This heading covers cases where an authority has acted, or reached a decision, in a manner ‘so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever have come to it’, or ‘a decision so outrageous in its defiance of logic or of accepted moral standards that no sensible person who applied his mind to the question to be decided could have arrived at it’. The classic case is Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 22, but see also Padfield v Minister of Agriculture [1968] AC 997 and Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Council [1977] AC 1014. When a public body gives some reasons for its decisions/actions, the ‘irrationality’ test is very strict and the threshold of irrationality is very high. Hence, in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Brind [1991] 1 All ER 720, it was not ‘irrational’ that the Home Secretary had ordered the BBC not to broadcast on radio or television the voices of any person speaking on behalf of a ‘proscribed organisation’, even if such persons could be interviewed and their words read out by actors. In R v Ministry of Defence ex parte Smith [1996] 1 All ER 257, it was not ‘irrational’ (or otherwise illegal) that the armed forces excluded homosexuals from their ranks even if those persons’ sexuality had become known only through official investigations, and despite the judges in the case stating that the policy was out of step with the morality of modern British society and in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights (at the time the Human Rights Act 1998 did not yet exist). The applicants then took their case to the European Court of Human Rights, which found that the ban on homosexuals in the British armed forces violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to have one’s private sexual life respected) (Smith and Grady v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 548). * Where a public body reaches a decision but does not supply the reasons for this decision, the court may infer from this that the decision was irrational (see also below: ‘The right to a fair hearing: the right to be given reasons’). The narrow concept of ‘irrationality’ is often used interchangeably with the wider notion of ‘unreasonableness’ or ‘Wednesbury unreasonableness’. ‘Unreasonableness’, however, is a general notion and as such it runs like a thread through judicial review. A person may be ‘unreasonable’ in reaching an irrational decision, or unreasonable by failing to take into account relevant considerations, taking into account irrelevant considerations, wrongly interpreting facts or law or wrongfully delegating decision-making power. Unreasonableness’, therefore, can be seen as an ‘umbrella term’ under which may fall many other heads of judicial review, examined above under ‘illegality’. Procedural impropriety Under this heading we consider actions against administrative decisions or actions, which either failed to comply with procedures that are specified by law or were taken in an ‘unfair’ manner, according to the principles of ‘natural justice’ developed over time by the courts. The second class of cases concerned with natural justice is particularly significant since in this part of JR the judges control the exercise of administration with reference not to the will of Parliament, but to principles of legal/political morality. In this area, it is argued by many, a balance needs to be struck between making public administrators act as fairly as any court of law, while respecting the pragmatic need for swift and efficient administration. (a) Under statute A public body’s failure to comply with procedures laid down by the legislative instrument by which its jurisdiction was conferred may invalidate their decision or action. The courts distinguish between those procedural requirements which are ‘mandatory’, the breach of which will render a decision void, and those which are ‘directory’ which may not invalidate the decision taken. London and Clydesdale Estates Ltd v Aberdeen District Council [1979] 2 All ER 876 The House of Lords emphasised the inherent vagueness in the distinction and stressed that the court would not make a demarcation between them: it is all a matter of degree and the particular circumstances of the case must be examined. Natural justice The rules of ‘natural’ justice are common law rules although their requirements may be made statutory. Two principal rules exist: the rule against bias and the right to a fair hearing. (I) The rule against bias This is known as nemo iudex in causa sua (Latin for: ‘no one should act as a judge in their own case’). Put simply, this is a rule against both actual and potential bias by a public body against the affected party. Thus it is not necessary to show that actual bias existed, as the mere appearance or possibility of bias will suffice; public officials not only have to be just but must be seen to be just. The suspicion of bias, however, must be a reasonable one. Bias takes two forms: financial and ‘other’ bias. * Financial bias whether it is actual or potential, will always disqualify a public official from exercising his or her functions. Thus, in R v Sussex Justices ex parte McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256, McCarthy successfully challenged his conviction for dangerous driving, in separate JR proceedings, by alleging that the clerk to the magistrates’ court that had convicted him was a solicitor to the person who was suing McCarthy for damages. The court accepted the argument about potential bias even though, as a matter of fact, the clerk in question could not have influenced the magistrates’ decision. See also Dimes v Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL Cas 759 and Metropolitan Properties Co Ltd v Lannon [1969] 1 QB 577. The alleged financial bias, however, has to go beyond the ordinary financial interest of any citizen: Thus, in Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1983] 1 AC 768, the fact that all the judges in the Court of Appeal were taxpayers and users of public transport did not disqualify them from hearing the case. Other biases may exist by virtue of race, sex, politics, social background, association and opinions. The principle is that any public official making a decision or taking an action affecting others, like any judge adjudicating a dispute in a court of law, must consider all the facts and arguments impartially and come to a conclusion irrespective of his or her personal views about the parties that are affected. * Other bias In order to decide an allegation of ‘other bias’ the court will ask itself whether, in the event, there was ‘a real danger’ that the public decision-making process may not have been fair as a result of bias. This is known as the ‘real likelihood test’ and it is found in R v Gough (1993) 2 All ER 727. The ‘real likelihood test’ was slightly modified in view of the requirements of the HRA 1998 in Director General of Fair Trading v Proprietary Association of Great Britain [2000] EWCA Civ 350; [2000] Times LR 2 February, as follows: the court will first ascertain all the circumstances that had a bearing on the suggestion of bias; then it will ask whether those circumstances would lead a ‘fair-minded and informed observer to conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger the two being the same -that the decision was biased’. Other important cases are – R v Bow Street Metropolitan and Stipendiary Magistrate and Others ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 2) [1999] 2 WLR 272 (the Pinochet case); Locabail (UK) Ltd v Bayfield Properties Ltd (Leave to Appeal) [2000] 1 All ER 65, CA; and Porter v Magill [2002] 2 AC 357. (II) The right to a fair hearing The Latin term here is audi alteram partem (Latin for: ‘listen to/consider the other’s point of view’). It is a fundamental requirement of justice that, when a person’s interests are affected by a judicial or administrative decision, he or she should have an opportunity both to know and to understand any allegations/considerations made against him or her, and to make representations to the decision-maker to counter the allegations/considerations – Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works [1893] 14 CB(NS) 180 Cooper had – without giving notice to the Board, as required by law – started to erect a house. The Board had the power to demolish building built without the requisite permission, and had exercised their power to do so. Cooper applied for – and recovered – damages from the Board for trespass to his property. Byles J held that the plaintiff should have been given a hearing before the Board exercised their powers, even though there was no express statutory requirement to do so. There is a vast amount of case law in this area and, confusingly, the standards of ‘fair hearing’ are not generally applied in a consistent manner. You are expected to understand the principles applied, as evidenced at least in the following major cases. More generally, you will need to know that: What is specifically required under the ‘right to a fair hearing’ depends on the facts of each case. Thus, the right may include: * The right to be given the reasons behind any adverse decision R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Al Fayed [1997] 1 All ER 228; R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Doody [1993] 3 WLR 154 R v Trade Secretary ex parte Lonrho plc [1989] 2 All ER 609. In sum, although there is no general duty to provide reasons under common law, the courts assign great importance to the giving of reasons and may infer from their absence that the decision in question had no rational reasons behind it. The reasons need not be given in detail, however: Selvanathan v General Medical Council [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Med 1. * The right to be given notification of a hearing Hardie v City of Edinburgh Council 2000 SLT 130; Ostreicher v Secretary of State for the Environment [1978] 1 WLR 810; Al-Mehdawi v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1990] 1 AC 876. The right to be given indications of adverse evidence R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison ex parte St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401 * The right to have hearsay evidence excluded R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison ex parte St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401 * The right to be given an opportunity to respond to the evidence: R (on the application of Gupta) v General Medical Council [2001] EW HC Admin 631. * The right to an oral hearing Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40; Lloyd v McMahon [1987] AC 625. In sum, an entitlement to make representations does not necessarily entail a right to an oral hearing. It may well be the case that the opportunity to make written submissions will satisfy the requirements of justice and fairness. * ? The right to question witnesses see Errington v Wilson 1995 SLT 1193; R v Commissioner for Racial Equality ex parte Cottrell and Rothon [1980] 3 All ER 265; and R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401; in sum, where there is to be an oral hearing, it should not necessarily be conducted according to the strict rules, which would apply in a court of law. Accordingly, it should not be assumed that a party would be entitled to cross-examine ‘the other side’. * The right to legal representation at a hearing: see, inter alia, R v Board of Visitors of HM prison The Maze ex parte Hone [1988] 1 AC 379 and Pett v Greyhound Racing Association Ltd (No 2) [1970] 1 QB 46. In sum, whether or not legal representation is available as of right will partly depend upon the nature of the hearing and the nature of the ‘rights’ affected. The following are the most important factors that the courts consider before deciding the content of the ‘right to a fair hearing’ in particular cases: The judiciary, in imposing standards of fairness on administrative bodies, is concerned not to entirely deprive such bodies of ‘flexibility’ and ‘efficiency’. A balance between efficiency and fairness is hard to come by, however. One solution is to divide public bodies into judicial or quasi-judicial bodies (i. e. ‘bodies resembling a court of law’ and bodies that are ‘purely administrative’ see Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66). In essence, the more the public body in question resembles a court of law, the more the above listed elements of fairness should exist in its proceedings. This, however, is an old distinction, which, for a time, seemed oblique. Thus, in the aftermath of Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40, the judiciary would insist on procedural fairness irrespectively of the type of public body determininga question. However, the distinction has been partly revived in the aftermath of McInnes v Onslow Fane [1978] 1 WLR 1520 where it was said that, for a public body to have to act fairly, in a strict sense, it has to be at least quasi-judicial. There is no general common law ‘duty to act fairly’, other than when a statute so provides. The courts, however, have been creating a series of exceptions, ensuring that a duty can be inferred from previous behaviour of the public body in certain circumstances. In these circumstances, it is said that the person seeking JR had a legitimate expectation that their case would be treated according to certain standards of procedural fairness. Specifically, a duty to act fairly may exist when: An individual or a group had been led to believe that a certain procedure would apply: see, for example, R (on the application of B) v Newham LBC [2001]EWHC Admin 677; R v North and East Devon Health Authority ex parte Coughlan [1999] LGR 703; Attorney General for Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629. * An individual or group relies upon a policy, or guidelines, which have previously governed an area of administrative action: see Council for the Civil Service Unions v Minister of State for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 (the GCHQ case); R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Asif Mahmood Khan [1984] 1 WLR 1337. But the policy or guidelines in question have to be ‘unambiguous and clear’ for the ‘legitimate expectation’ to arise see R v Secretary of State for the Home Department and Another ex parte Hargreaves and Others [1997] 1 WLR 906; [1997] 1 All ER 397. When JR is concerned with the legality of administrative actions in a narrow sense In other words when the court checks whether Parliament’s explicit will, as found in the words of statute, is respected by the administration’s actions/decisions, JR fits easily within the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. When, however, JR controls administrative action with reference to the principles of ‘natural justice’, which are of judicial provenance, then the court is asserting a right to implement principles of political/legal morality. Legal theorists are not in agreement as to whether a court is constitutionally entitled to exercise such a moral function. (For a discussion of the opposite views on this see Cotterrell, R. ‘Judicial review and legal theory’ in Richardson, G. and Genn, H. (eds) Administrative law government in action. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) [ISBN 978-0198762775]. ) What are the available remedies? The granting of remedies occurs at the discretion of the court even if the applicant manages to establish his or her case. The court may refuse to grant a remedy if the commencement of proceedings was delayed, or if the applicant has acted unreasonably, or if the granting of a remedy would damage the public interest in efficient administration. The court may grant one or more of the following remedies or ‘orders’: (i) Quashing orders (formerly known as certiorari) An order of certiorari is a public law remedy, which quashes an original decision by a public body or nullifies an action by a public body. It is both negative and retrospective in nature. This remedy overlaps with that of prohibition (below). No quashing order can be made against decisions by the higher courts. For an example see O’Reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237. It is an important remedy whereby: Whenever any body of persons having legal authority to determine questions affecting the rights of subjects, and having the duty to act judicially, act in excess of their legal authority, they are subject to the controlling jurisdiction of the King’s Bench Division exercised in these writs. R v Electricity Commissioners ex parte London Electricity Joint Committee Company (1920) Ltd [1924] 1 KB 194, per Lord Atkin) Prohibiting orders (formerly known as prohibition) Prohibition is a public law remedy that prevents a body from making a decision or taking an action that would be capable of being quashed/destroyed by certiorari. It is thus negative and prospective in nature. Prohibiting orders cannot be made against decisions of the higher courts. Mandatory orders (formerly known as mandamus) This order compels an authority to act. See Padfield v Ministry of Agriculture [1968] AC 997 and Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Metropolitan Borough [1977] AC 1014. However, an order of mandamus cannot lie against an authority which has complete discretion to act. Declarations Declarations are private law remedies that are available in JR proceedings. They are statements of the legal position of the parties and, therefore, a declaration is not strictly speaking a ‘remedy’. See Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789. Injunctions Injunctions are private law remedies that are available in JR proceedings. They are orders that prevent an administrative body, including a minister, from acting unlawfully. They can be interim (temporary) or permanent. For an example of an injunction against a minister, see M v Home Office [1993] 3 WLR 433. Damages A JR applicant may be awarded damages in combination with one of the other remedies. Damages will only be awarded if they would have been recoverable had the applicant been the successful party in a private law action.