Essay on A Feminist Reading of John Updikes AP - 1321 Words

A Feminist Reading of AP Gone are the days that humans could live impulsively, only taking physical pain and pleasure into account when making decisions. Or so one would like to believe. In a display of sheer innocence and ignorance, Sammy, a grocery clerk at the A P, managed to revert back to the original behavior patterns of his ape-like ancestors. One cannot possibly predict the future of Sammy, given his own illogical and irrational behavior. But one can, through a careful examination of Sammys life, determine that Sammy is just a naive, young man whose impulsive acts, partly as a consequence of his upbringing, compel him to participate in a cause not worth fighting for, instead of using his talents for more constructive†¦show more content†¦He had only one goal: do everything in his power to impress the girls, making sure they would not escape the hallowed A P without having awe-filled reverence for the grocery clerk named Sammy. However, from the beginning, Sammys idealistic dreams of renown had a sour taste to them. Sammy began his grocery clerk glory days as a victim of his own parents over watchfulness. His parents had known Lengel, the store manager, for years, and took it upon themselves to get Sammy a job. Perhaps his parents believed that doing Sammys dirty work would somehow shelter Sammy from the so-called real world, or perhaps they merely wanted the best for their son, and getting him a job was their way of giving Sammy what they felt he was due. Whatever his parents motives were, the end result was somewhat of a loss of Sammys independence. Given the circumstances surrounding the rest of the story, it is not unreasonable to assume that Sammy had felt somewhat dependent upon his parents and did not like that dependence at all. But he had never faced the right circumstance that may have potentially given him a reason, or an excuse, to break his ties with his parents and become truly independent. Lengel points out, Sammy, you dont want to do this to your Mom and Dad . . . Youll feel this for the rest of your life (Updike 411). Despite this warning, Sammy is more than willing to break the unwritten covenant he has with his parents and attemptsShow MoreRelatedA P By John Updike1441 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updike is considered one of the greatest writers in modern American history. He is known for the idea that seemingly ordinary aspects of American life are actually quite fascinating. He wanted readers to see the beauty and magic of life, so he tried to describe everyday things using the most clear but beautiful language possible. Many of Updike’s pieces are drawn from his own life such as his marriage and his boyhood, as shown in three of his short stories: â€Å"AP†, â€Å"Ace in the Hole†, and â€Å"PigeonRead MoreEssay about Contrast of Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†687 Words   |  3 PagesContrast of Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† and John Updike’s â€Å"APâ⠂¬  â€Å"AP† and â€Å"Girl† both symbolized the protagonists’ oppression by an older, more experienced generation. However, Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† was artistic with an undercurrent of selfless love and hope while Updike’s â€Å"AP† was uninspiring with selfishness and lust. The protagonist of â€Å"Girl† discouraged her daughter’s dreams out of love. The protagonist of â€Å"A P† encouraged the antagonists’ out of a selfish desire for self-promotion. The short storyRead MoreLiterary Criticism for John Updike AP2060 Words   |  9 Pages Literary Criticisms on John Updike’s â€Å"AP† First and Last Name Class Section 11/21/13 http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_10_img0695.jpg Introduction: John Updike is considered to be one of the greatest modern American writers. He was able to use his All-American upbringing as inspiration for a lot of his writing, making it relatable to many people. Updike was born in Reading, Pennsylvania on March 18, 1932. He moved around in the area during his childhood, and the rural PennsylvaniaRead MoreA P By John Updike914 Words   |  4 Pages Living in California we see women in swimsuits quite often, maybe too often. Still we have those people that find the need to objectify women, even the ones they have seen many times. Although that is what Sammy does in John Updike’s â€Å"AP†. The way â€Å"AP† depicts the young girls is objectifying: from how the main character describes the young women, how he disrespects the older lady he was checking out, the manager kicking the girls out of the store because of what they are wearing, and how the girlsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P1293 Words   |  6 PagesJohn U pdike is viewed by his readers as a progressive voice in his work that promotes feminist issues. He makes these issues stand out more evidently, rather than hidden, in order for the reader to realize how women are viewed in society. From reading Updike’s AP, the story sends the message to readers of genders working together to strive for equality. If readers do not carefully and actively read AP they may miss key messages about the power men hold over women, not just in society but in literatureRead MoreSelf-Motivation and Egocentrism in John Updike’s AP871 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Peden once called John Updike’s â€Å"AP† â€Å"deftly narrated nonsense...which contains nothing more significant than a checking clerks interest in three girls in bathing suits† (Peden). While Peden’s criticism may be harsher than necessary, it is hard to find fault with his analysis. Sammy’s tale offers little more than insight into an egocentric and self-motivated mind, and while Updike may disagree with that conclusion, a close reading of the text offers significant evidence to support thisRead MoreMain Themes Of Individualism In Queenies Girl Femininity854 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades ago were. This story relates to feminist perspectives. The mother in Girl expects a a lot from of her daughter, and she does not hesitate to let her know. In each of the stories the characters each accentuate the author story, each involve young women. Understanding each character is important because it shows you why they do what they do, it gives reason to each center of the story. So each character becomes the main point of the story. The girls in both AP and Girl supposed to seem innocent

The Major Punishment For Criminal Acts - 1526 Words

Title of Paper David Worth Thomas Nelson Community College Criminology (ADJ-201) Jeremy Barnett November 3, 2015 In the last few centuries, jails have been utilized as the major punishment for criminal acts. Some of the common punishments used earlier include public humiliation, corporal punishment, and penal bondage. However, capital punishment along with banishment was used for severe offences. In the recent past, according to the statistics from the Department of Justice, an estimated 2338,000 individuals are in state prisons, more than 90,000 are in the federal prison, and more than 5,000 are in juvenile facilities. In the same way, more than 20,000 are in territorial prisons and military prisons, as well as local jails. By October 2013, America had the highest rate of incarceration across the globe at 718 per 100,000 people. It is equally important to note that as of December 2014, the International Centre for Prison Studies reported that there were 2, 783,689 prisoners from the total population of 319 million. The major causes of increased incarceration rate increased sentencing laws, pri vatization of the prisons, and drug sentencing laws. It has resulted in prisons not serving their purpose of correcting the inmates as well as being a habitable place for everyone. Therefore, reform aims at enhancing the conditions that are inside the jails. In the same way, it also entails coming with alternative ways of incarceration. Drawing on a variety of sources, theShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrinal Design Has Been Used To Study The Jurisprudential1425 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the status of child witnesses in the Criminal Justice system? 1.6 Chapterization Scheme:It should in sentence format CHAPTER NAME CONTENTS 1. Introduction Witness assumes additional significance in adversarial system of criminal justice where the onus of proving the case lies on the prosecution and the witness of prosecution becomes important in the pursuit of exploring the truth. 2. Criminal Justice System in India Our adversarial criminal justice system aims at reducing the level of criminalityRead MoreCriminal Justice System: Classical School Theory1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss a major theory that has helped shape our criminal justice system today and how it came about. There are multiple major theories that made the criminal justice system what it is today, but I will only be discussing one theory and the theory that I will be covering in this paper is the classical school theory. I chose this theory because I believe that people have a choice to decide what they do. That also plays a part in the criminal activities that they participateRead MorePrisons May Cause Individuals to Reoffend1621 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Currently, statistics indicate that 60 percent of criminals have reoffended at some point in their lifetimes. Many argue that prison causes an individual to reoffend, however many oppose this belief and argue that other factors cause a high rate of reoffending. This controversial topic raises multiple questions regarding prison and its role in reoffending, as well as what other factors can cause an individual to reoffend. The question then raised is: â€Å"to what extent does prison causeRead MoreInterconnection to Social Problems Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesof crime, punishment, and poverty. Here are the points that will be elaborated on: Criminal sanctions and victimization work to form a system of disadvantage that perpetuates stratification and poverty; Punishment impacts individuals convicted of felonies, as well as their families, peer groups, neighborhoods, and racial group; After controlling for population differences, African Americans are incarcerated approximately sev en times as often as Whites; Variation in criminal punishment is linked toRead MorePunishment Is The Punishment An Individual948 Words   |  4 PagesRetribution can be described with these two words: Deserved Punishment. Retribution is the punishment an individual receives contingent upon the severity of their wrong doings. They must â€Å"pay their debts†. The authors of the text â€Å"Criminal Justice in America† mentions that if the government fails to sentence the individual to an appropriate amount of punishment, society will take the situation into their own hands (Cole, Smith and DeJong 277). If a murderer receives 5 years in prison, the familyRead MoreClassical Criminological Theory On Crime And Punishment1318 Words   |  6 Pagescriminological theory still relevant to today’s society in explaining the causes of crime? This essay will address this question by discussing the major components of classical criminological theory while highlighting its st rengths and weaknesses. The essay will also examine a more modern criminological theory, Merton’s anomie/strain theory, and decipher major differences between the two theories. This essay will also explain the aspects of classical criminological theory that are applicable or outdatedRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Watching the news, listening to the radio or reading a newspaper shows proof of this cruelty. So what can be done about these criminals? Capital punishment has been exposed throughout history; â€Å"In the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608, Captain George Kendall was hanged for the capital offense of treason. Among other serious capital crimes in colonial times were murder, rape and witchcraft† (Fridell). The death penalty has been underRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology935 Words   |  4 Pages What are the three major principles of the Clas sical School of Criminology? The major principles in the Classical School of Criminology are that humans are rational and that our behavior comes from free will, and our human behavior is derived from pain and pleasure. To deter criminal’s punishment is necessary, which may set an example for others. As well as crime prevention should be implemented with quick regulated punishment for violations of the law. What were some forerunners of classicalRead MoreEssay on White-Collar Crime Vs. Street Crime1070 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities, headline news, or daily criminal activity. Shootings, stabbings, homicides, etc. are all discussed by media anchors these days. This causes most everyone in our society to become familiar with crimes that are considered street crimes. What most people don’t hear about on the news is what is considered white-collar crime, sometimes known as corporate crime. White-collar crime not only is less reported in the media but also receives weaker punishments than street crime. This paper willRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment vs. Rehabilitation Helen Olko October 1, 2012 Abstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system  is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing

Changes Kennedy brought to American Foreign Policy Free Essays

Eisenhower believed that there could not be a military solution to Cold War problems and that America could to shape the world’s destiny. He accepted limitations on America’s role. Kennedy did not. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes Kennedy brought to American Foreign Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The changes he brought to American Foreign Policy were active and bold. This contrasted Eisenhower passive and cautious approach. Kennedy sought to restore the prestige and primacy of the presidency. His recurring theme was â€Å"l think it is time for America to start moving again†, and his actions sought to reveal a dynamic militancy. He set to dramatically increase American strength including increasing the defense budget ($40 bill to $56 b†), and arms production (missile launchers, long range bombers, submarines, and CUBISM). This ignited the greatest arms race in the history of mankind. In hindsight we can now see that the more missiles America built, the less secure the country was. However, his changes extended far beyond nuclear delivery weapons. Kennedy wanted to Increase America’s conventional war capableness and guerrilla warfare forces. Unlike Eisenhower, he wanted the ability to intervene anywhere; this new strategy was called flexible response. The Third World provided the key to Kennedy’s new American Frontiers. He wanted to be able to respond to Communist aggression at any level and set out to build a interdependency force that could stamp out revolutions in Third World countries. The force came to be called the Green Berets, and its aim was to apply American techniques and know-h ow in guerrilla warfare situations to solve the problems of national liberation. Its greatest appeal was that It avoided direct confrontation with the Soviet Union. Vietnam was an Ideal battleground for the Green Berets. The US Increased economic and military aid In South Vietnam. However under the SEATS Treaty the US was not able to get involved in a civil war. Kennedy was not willing to and opposition to the government came from within. He carted the removal of forces through a coup of a South Viet leader that was not effective enough. America’s active role in Vietnam was a culmination of the policy of containment rather than a military- industrial complex conspiracy. Kennedy also initiated the Alliance for Progress program. It was a significant aid program to Latin American countries, many of which were at the stage of authoritarian military dictatorships. These were the kind of friendships that the United States attempted to foster. Kennedy’s commitment to be part of the new frontier was to combat third world liberation efforts. The USA wanted to ensure that there would be a degree of social and economic development. Through aid and investment, he believed that the Latin American countries would benefit. However, the Alliance was a failure primarily because there was significant underdevelopment and those who controlled the land, were the ones that benefited from such aid. Unlike Eisenhower, Kennedy initially believed that there was room for peaceful coexistence between the free capitalist world and communism. He attempted to compromise with the Soviet Union but when faced with aggression within Berlin, he returned to containment policies. Berlin was a problem for Kennedy. As a result of his foreign policy decisions, what had occurred was the emergence of a divided city by war. The Soviet building of the Wall and the eventual Western acceptance of it signified something about Kennedy’s diplomacy. It indicated that the Germans did not want liberty and demonstrated that the intentions of the Soviet to push the West out of Berlin were firm. However, failure to do so lead his search for opportunity elsewhere. He found it Cuba. The issue of Cuba was something of a bear trap by departing Eisenhower. The United States had significant investments in Cuba. But it had undergone a revolution that was led effectively by Fidel Castro, who began to nationalism American properties. The American response under Eisenhower was to undertake effective covert actions to sabotage Castro. The United States was determined to oust the Castro regime by training, organizing and equipping Cuban exiles in Guatemala and exporting them to the Bay of Pigs. This was an absolute disaster for the United States because Khrushchev saw this as an opportunity to place nuclear warheads close to the east coast of the United States. This crisis represented a direct threat to the United States. Rather than to listen to military advisors or the CIA (as had been done during the Bay of Pigs), Kennedy’s response was to convene Coxcomb, an executive committee of national security counsel. The Committee initiated a minimalist naval blockade to prevent the Soviets from sending any further material into Cuba. This quarantine on all offensive military equipment then allowed Kennedy to warn the Soviet that any missile launched from Cuba would require a retaliatory response. Through meetings with Soviet official, a deal was made to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba. This was a satisfactory ending How to cite Changes Kennedy brought to American Foreign Policy, Papers

Judicial Review free essay sample

Bear in mind, however, that some of the cases, which are classified below under ‘illegality’, are referred to as ‘unreasonable’ or ‘Wednesbury unreasonable’ in parts of the relevant literature. There are several grounds for the courts to rule illegality or unreasonableness, as shown below. Lack of authority In its least problematic version the doctrine of ultra vires covers the ‘illegality’ of actions/decisions taken by public bodies that had no statutory authority to act/decide. For example, in R v Richmond upon Thames City Council ex parte McCarthy and Stone Ltd [1992] AC 48 It was illegal for the local planning authority to levy a fee of ? 25 for informal consultation between corporation officers and property developers: charges can be levied on the public only on the basis of statutory authority and making charges was not an ‘incidental’ aspect of the normal functions of the planning authority. Compatibility/proportionality Any administrative interference with the rights enshrined in the Human Rights Act 1988 (HRA) must be compatible/proportional. Under s. 6 of the HRA, all public authorities are obliged to act/decide in a manner compatible with that Act, in other words either with full respect to the fundamental human rights it enshrines or by relying on legitimate reasons for interfering with such human rights (and only to the necessary degree). All public bodies, including courts and tribunals, are subject to the requirements of the HRA. Within JR the legality or illegality of any administrative decision/action’s interference with human rights will be determined by employing the principle of proportionality a principle of Continental European jurisprudence which is now considered part of English law, at least with regard to human rights cases. The principle of proportionality commands that power must be exercised only by means that are proportional to the objective that is being pursued. Thus, in R v Chief Constable of Sussex ex parte International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1999] 2 AC 418 The court assessed the proportionality of the decision of a Chief Constable to restrict the number of police officers present at a scene of confrontation between live animal exporters and animal rights activists: the number of police present had to be proportionate to the right of the exporters to export and of the demonstrators to engage in peaceful demonstration. There is discussion as to whether the proportionality test constitutes a new heading of JR. In this regard, in R (on the application of Alconbury Developments Ltd and Others) v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions [2001] 2 All ER 929 Lord Slynn expressed the opinion that ‘proportionality’ should be seen as part of the heading of ‘irrationality’ The compatibility of JR proceedings with human rights was itself questioned in Kingsley v United Kingdom, Application No 35605/97 (2001) 33 EHRR 13. The Strasbourg-based European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled that the JR proceedings, restricted as they are to examining the quality of a decision making process rather than the merits of a decision, cannot be said to fully satisfy the ‘right to a fair trial’. Error of law * If a public authority is to act within its powers (intra vires) it must conduct itself according to law. An ‘error of law’ takes place either when the authority misinterprets its legal powers Perilly v Tower Hamlets Borough Council [1973] QB 9) – The local authority believed –erroneously- that it was obliged to consider applications for stall licenses in a street market in the order in which they were received. The effect of this was to deny a license to Perilly even though his mother, by then deceased had held a license for some 30 years. The license granted to an incoming applicant in preference to Perilly was set aside by the court. * Another instance would be when it comes to an unreasonable conclusion (see Coleen Properties Ltd v Minister of Housing [1971] 1 All ER 1049 and Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Council [1977] AC 1014). In addition, when Parliament entrusts an administrative body with powers to determine cases, it intends that body to reach a decision based on the ‘correct facts’. In this regard, courts of law are said not to be well suited to undertake fact-finding tasks but if an administrative body wrongly interprets the facts of a case, this may result in the court intervenin g to correct the error in fact (see Pulhofer v Hillingdon London Borough Council [1986] AC 484). * Overall, the distinction between errors of law and errors of fact is not always clear. A major example of this was provided in the case of Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147. There, the House of Lords decided that the error of fact committed by the public authority (the Foreign Compensation Commission) was of such magnitude as to be a jurisdictional error of law: the commission had deprived itself of the right to determine the claim because of its error in law. Not all such errors will have this effect. Or, to be more precise, a court will not always assume the link between errors of fact and errors in law as they did in Anisminic. Failure to act A public authority may be under a statutory duty to take action and, depending on the specificity of that duty, may be held to be acting unlawfully if it fails to act. This is a difficult area of law in that some duties imposed are clear and precise and hence enforceable by the courts, whereas others may be of a general non-specific nature and thus the court cannot enforce them. Acting in bad faith In Cannock Chase District v Kelly [1978] 1 WLR 1, bad faith was defined as follows: †¦bad faith, or†¦lack of good faith, means dishonesty; not necessarily for a financial motive†¦It must not be treated as a synonym for an honest, though mistaken, taking into consideration of a factor which is in law irrelevant. ’ Using powers for the wrong purpose or inconsistently with the purposes of an Act In Attorney General v Fulham Corporation [1921] 1 Ch 440 The authority was entitled under statute to open non-profit washhouses for the public’s use, but, i nstead, it used its powers to open a commercial laundry. At times, however, an authority using its statutory powers in pursuit of the right purpose may be seen as lawfully taking other action which is incidental to its main task: Westminster Corporation v London and Northern Railway Company [1905] AC 426 – The corporation, which was entitled to build public conveniences, constructed a subway under the road and placed the conveniences there: the court agreed with the corporation that they did not exceed their powers by building the subway. * R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ex parte World Development Movement Ltd [1995] 1 All ER 611 – The Foreign Secretary had decided to grant financial aid of ? 234 million to the Malaysian government for the building of the Pergau dam, despite warnings from officials that the project was uneconomical and a waste of money. This decision was ultra vires because the Overseas Development and Cooperation Act 1980, under which the Secretary was claiming his powers, empowered him to authorise payments only ‘for the purpose or promoting the development or maintaining the economy of a country or territory outside the UK or the welfare of its people’. A House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Inquiry found that the Secretary had decided to authorise the grant in a secret deal with the Malaysian government involving the sale of British arms to Malaysia, worth ? 1. 3 billion. Onerous conditions attached to a decision A public authority may not attach to its decision any conditions that are difficult or impossible to perform. Pyx Granite Co Ltd v Ministry of Housing and Local Government [1958] 1 QB 554 The condition attached to the building permission that the developers must construct a road ancillary to the development at their own expense was ‘onerous’. Abuse of discretion * The allegation of illegality may also take the form of the public authority abusing the discretion that it was given by statute. The limits of JR with regard to discretion are that, in some instances, a statute has conferred very broad discretionary powers on an administrative body. Generally, the broader the conferred discretion, the more difficult it will be to seek review of a discretionary action/decision. A number of categories of abuse of discretion fall under this heading: (I) Relevant and irrelevant considerations An authority may have acted beyond its powers (ultra vires) because, in deciding, it took irrelevant considerations into account or, conversely, it failed to take relevant considerations into account. For example, in Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 The local authority was empowered by statute to pay its workers ‘as it thought fit’. Nevertheless, when the council decided to pay wages that were higher than the national average and t o pay men and women equally, it was held to have been acting beyond its powers. Its duty to ratepayers overrode its desire to improve the lot of its workers. * Similar considerations applied in Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1983] 1 AC 768 The Greater London Council (GLC), wishing to increase the number of passengers using public transport by decreasing fares, sought to pay for this by seeking a higher level of subsidy, the burden of which would fall on the ratepayers of London boroughs. The House of Lords held the GLC to be acting ultra vires. Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 Leicester City Council had suspended a local rugby club from using a local playing field because the club did not follow the advice of the council to cancel their tour of South Africa, which was then under the regime of apartheid. The House of Lords concluded that the council’s political policy, though morally justified, did not entitle the council to interfere with the club’s lawful activities. * Where, however, an irrelevant consideration does not affect the outcome of a decision, the court may hold that the authority acted within its powers (intra vires). R v Broadcasting Complaints Commission ex parte Owen [1985] QB 1153 The Broadcasting Authority – with the statutory responsibility of ensuring fairness in the allocation of broadcasting time for political parties at election time – refused to consider a complaint that a political party had been given too little broadcasting time. That decision was not challenged in the courts. However, while the Commission had some good reasons for not considering the complaint, it had also erred by giving weight to an irrelevant consideration, namely that the task would be burdensome. The court nevertheless held that the Commission was acting within its lawful discretion. (II) Unauthorised delegation Where powers are conferred by statute, they may not be delegated unless that delegation is authorised by law. Not all delegations will be unlawful: for instance, the courts do not hold that a minister must exercise each and every power personally. Thus, where the statute gives powers to a minister, these powers are also deemed to be conferred on his/her department. (III) Fettering discretion An authority may act ultra vires if, in the exercise of its powers, it adopts a policy which effectively means that it is not truly exercising its discretion at all. R v Port of London Authority ex parte Kynoch [1919] 1 KB 176 It was held that an authority could not adopt a rigid policy which had the effect of ensuring that applications of a certain category would not be invariably refused. In Kynoch, the applicant sought judicial review of the decision of the Port of London Authority to refuse him permission to construct a wharf on the land he owned adjoining the Thames river. Permission was refused on the basis that the Authority itself had a duty to provide the facilities. The challenge to the Authority’s decision failed, on the basis that it appeared to court that the Authority had given genuine consideration to the application on its merits. Irrationality This heading covers cases where an authority has acted, or reached a decision, in a manner ‘so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever have come to it’, or ‘a decision so outrageous in its defiance of logic or of accepted moral standards that no sensible person who applied his mind to the question to be decided could have arrived at it’. The classic case is Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 22, but see also Padfield v Minister of Agriculture [1968] AC 997 and Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Council [1977] AC 1014. When a public body gives some reasons for its decisions/actions, the ‘irrationality’ test is very strict and the threshold of irrationality is very high. Hence, in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Brind [1991] 1 All ER 720, it was not ‘irrational’ that the Home Secretary had ordered the BBC not to broadcast on radio or television the voices of any person speaking on behalf of a ‘proscribed organisation’, even if such persons could be interviewed and their words read out by actors. In R v Ministry of Defence ex parte Smith [1996] 1 All ER 257, it was not ‘irrational’ (or otherwise illegal) that the armed forces excluded homosexuals from their ranks even if those persons’ sexuality had become known only through official investigations, and despite the judges in the case stating that the policy was out of step with the morality of modern British society and in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights (at the time the Human Rights Act 1998 did not yet exist). The applicants then took their case to the European Court of Human Rights, which found that the ban on homosexuals in the British armed forces violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to have one’s private sexual life respected) (Smith and Grady v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 548). * Where a public body reaches a decision but does not supply the reasons for this decision, the court may infer from this that the decision was irrational (see also below: ‘The right to a fair hearing: the right to be given reasons’). The narrow concept of ‘irrationality’ is often used interchangeably with the wider notion of ‘unreasonableness’ or ‘Wednesbury unreasonableness’. ‘Unreasonableness’, however, is a general notion and as such it runs like a thread through judicial review. A person may be ‘unreasonable’ in reaching an irrational decision, or unreasonable by failing to take into account relevant considerations, taking into account irrelevant considerations, wrongly interpreting facts or law or wrongfully delegating decision-making power. Unreasonableness’, therefore, can be seen as an ‘umbrella term’ under which may fall many other heads of judicial review, examined above under ‘illegality’. Procedural impropriety Under this heading we consider actions against administrative decisions or actions, which either failed to comply with procedures that are specified by law or were taken in an ‘unfair’ manner, according to the principles of ‘natural justice’ developed over time by the courts. The second class of cases concerned with natural justice is particularly significant since in this part of JR the judges control the exercise of administration with reference not to the will of Parliament, but to principles of legal/political morality. In this area, it is argued by many, a balance needs to be struck between making public administrators act as fairly as any court of law, while respecting the pragmatic need for swift and efficient administration. (a) Under statute A public body’s failure to comply with procedures laid down by the legislative instrument by which its jurisdiction was conferred may invalidate their decision or action. The courts distinguish between those procedural requirements which are ‘mandatory’, the breach of which will render a decision void, and those which are ‘directory’ which may not invalidate the decision taken. London and Clydesdale Estates Ltd v Aberdeen District Council [1979] 2 All ER 876 The House of Lords emphasised the inherent vagueness in the distinction and stressed that the court would not make a demarcation between them: it is all a matter of degree and the particular circumstances of the case must be examined. Natural justice The rules of ‘natural’ justice are common law rules although their requirements may be made statutory. Two principal rules exist: the rule against bias and the right to a fair hearing. (I) The rule against bias This is known as nemo iudex in causa sua (Latin for: ‘no one should act as a judge in their own case’). Put simply, this is a rule against both actual and potential bias by a public body against the affected party. Thus it is not necessary to show that actual bias existed, as the mere appearance or possibility of bias will suffice; public officials not only have to be just but must be seen to be just. The suspicion of bias, however, must be a reasonable one. Bias takes two forms: financial and ‘other’ bias. * Financial bias whether it is actual or potential, will always disqualify a public official from exercising his or her functions. Thus, in R v Sussex Justices ex parte McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256, McCarthy successfully challenged his conviction for dangerous driving, in separate JR proceedings, by alleging that the clerk to the magistrates’ court that had convicted him was a solicitor to the person who was suing McCarthy for damages. The court accepted the argument about potential bias even though, as a matter of fact, the clerk in question could not have influenced the magistrates’ decision. See also Dimes v Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL Cas 759 and Metropolitan Properties Co Ltd v Lannon [1969] 1 QB 577. The alleged financial bias, however, has to go beyond the ordinary financial interest of any citizen: Thus, in Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1983] 1 AC 768, the fact that all the judges in the Court of Appeal were taxpayers and users of public transport did not disqualify them from hearing the case. Other biases may exist by virtue of race, sex, politics, social background, association and opinions. The principle is that any public official making a decision or taking an action affecting others, like any judge adjudicating a dispute in a court of law, must consider all the facts and arguments impartially and come to a conclusion irrespective of his or her personal views about the parties that are affected. * Other bias In order to decide an allegation of ‘other bias’ the court will ask itself whether, in the event, there was ‘a real danger’ that the public decision-making process may not have been fair as a result of bias. This is known as the ‘real likelihood test’ and it is found in R v Gough (1993) 2 All ER 727. The ‘real likelihood test’ was slightly modified in view of the requirements of the HRA 1998 in Director General of Fair Trading v Proprietary Association of Great Britain [2000] EWCA Civ 350; [2000] Times LR 2 February, as follows: the court will first ascertain all the circumstances that had a bearing on the suggestion of bias; then it will ask whether those circumstances would lead a ‘fair-minded and informed observer to conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger the two being the same -that the decision was biased’. Other important cases are – R v Bow Street Metropolitan and Stipendiary Magistrate and Others ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 2) [1999] 2 WLR 272 (the Pinochet case); Locabail (UK) Ltd v Bayfield Properties Ltd (Leave to Appeal) [2000] 1 All ER 65, CA; and Porter v Magill [2002] 2 AC 357. (II) The right to a fair hearing The Latin term here is audi alteram partem (Latin for: ‘listen to/consider the other’s point of view’). It is a fundamental requirement of justice that, when a person’s interests are affected by a judicial or administrative decision, he or she should have an opportunity both to know and to understand any allegations/considerations made against him or her, and to make representations to the decision-maker to counter the allegations/considerations – Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works [1893] 14 CB(NS) 180 Cooper had – without giving notice to the Board, as required by law – started to erect a house. The Board had the power to demolish building built without the requisite permission, and had exercised their power to do so. Cooper applied for – and recovered – damages from the Board for trespass to his property. Byles J held that the plaintiff should have been given a hearing before the Board exercised their powers, even though there was no express statutory requirement to do so. There is a vast amount of case law in this area and, confusingly, the standards of ‘fair hearing’ are not generally applied in a consistent manner. You are expected to understand the principles applied, as evidenced at least in the following major cases. More generally, you will need to know that: What is specifically required under the ‘right to a fair hearing’ depends on the facts of each case. Thus, the right may include: * The right to be given the reasons behind any adverse decision R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Al Fayed [1997] 1 All ER 228; R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Doody [1993] 3 WLR 154 R v Trade Secretary ex parte Lonrho plc [1989] 2 All ER 609. In sum, although there is no general duty to provide reasons under common law, the courts assign great importance to the giving of reasons and may infer from their absence that the decision in question had no rational reasons behind it. The reasons need not be given in detail, however: Selvanathan v General Medical Council [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Med 1. * The right to be given notification of a hearing Hardie v City of Edinburgh Council 2000 SLT 130; Ostreicher v Secretary of State for the Environment [1978] 1 WLR 810; Al-Mehdawi v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1990] 1 AC 876. The right to be given indications of adverse evidence R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison ex parte St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401 * The right to have hearsay evidence excluded R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison ex parte St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401 * The right to be given an opportunity to respond to the evidence: R (on the application of Gupta) v General Medical Council [2001] EW HC Admin 631. * The right to an oral hearing Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40; Lloyd v McMahon [1987] AC 625. In sum, an entitlement to make representations does not necessarily entail a right to an oral hearing. It may well be the case that the opportunity to make written submissions will satisfy the requirements of justice and fairness. * ? The right to question witnesses see Errington v Wilson 1995 SLT 1193; R v Commissioner for Racial Equality ex parte Cottrell and Rothon [1980] 3 All ER 265; and R v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St Germain (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 1401; in sum, where there is to be an oral hearing, it should not necessarily be conducted according to the strict rules, which would apply in a court of law. Accordingly, it should not be assumed that a party would be entitled to cross-examine ‘the other side’. * The right to legal representation at a hearing: see, inter alia, R v Board of Visitors of HM prison The Maze ex parte Hone [1988] 1 AC 379 and Pett v Greyhound Racing Association Ltd (No 2) [1970] 1 QB 46. In sum, whether or not legal representation is available as of right will partly depend upon the nature of the hearing and the nature of the ‘rights’ affected. The following are the most important factors that the courts consider before deciding the content of the ‘right to a fair hearing’ in particular cases: The judiciary, in imposing standards of fairness on administrative bodies, is concerned not to entirely deprive such bodies of ‘flexibility’ and ‘efficiency’. A balance between efficiency and fairness is hard to come by, however. One solution is to divide public bodies into judicial or quasi-judicial bodies (i. e. ‘bodies resembling a court of law’ and bodies that are ‘purely administrative’ see Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66). In essence, the more the public body in question resembles a court of law, the more the above listed elements of fairness should exist in its proceedings. This, however, is an old distinction, which, for a time, seemed oblique. Thus, in the aftermath of Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40, the judiciary would insist on procedural fairness irrespectively of the type of public body determininga question. However, the distinction has been partly revived in the aftermath of McInnes v Onslow Fane [1978] 1 WLR 1520 where it was said that, for a public body to have to act fairly, in a strict sense, it has to be at least quasi-judicial. There is no general common law ‘duty to act fairly’, other than when a statute so provides. The courts, however, have been creating a series of exceptions, ensuring that a duty can be inferred from previous behaviour of the public body in certain circumstances. In these circumstances, it is said that the person seeking JR had a legitimate expectation that their case would be treated according to certain standards of procedural fairness. Specifically, a duty to act fairly may exist when: An individual or a group had been led to believe that a certain procedure would apply: see, for example, R (on the application of B) v Newham LBC [2001]EWHC Admin 677; R v North and East Devon Health Authority ex parte Coughlan [1999] LGR 703; Attorney General for Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629. * An individual or group relies upon a policy, or guidelines, which have previously governed an area of administrative action: see Council for the Civil Service Unions v Minister of State for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 (the GCHQ case); R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Asif Mahmood Khan [1984] 1 WLR 1337. But the policy or guidelines in question have to be ‘unambiguous and clear’ for the ‘legitimate expectation’ to arise see R v Secretary of State for the Home Department and Another ex parte Hargreaves and Others [1997] 1 WLR 906; [1997] 1 All ER 397. When JR is concerned with the legality of administrative actions in a narrow sense In other words when the court checks whether Parliament’s explicit will, as found in the words of statute, is respected by the administration’s actions/decisions, JR fits easily within the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. When, however, JR controls administrative action with reference to the principles of ‘natural justice’, which are of judicial provenance, then the court is asserting a right to implement principles of political/legal morality. Legal theorists are not in agreement as to whether a court is constitutionally entitled to exercise such a moral function. (For a discussion of the opposite views on this see Cotterrell, R. ‘Judicial review and legal theory’ in Richardson, G. and Genn, H. (eds) Administrative law government in action. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994) [ISBN 978-0198762775]. ) What are the available remedies? The granting of remedies occurs at the discretion of the court even if the applicant manages to establish his or her case. The court may refuse to grant a remedy if the commencement of proceedings was delayed, or if the applicant has acted unreasonably, or if the granting of a remedy would damage the public interest in efficient administration. The court may grant one or more of the following remedies or ‘orders’: (i) Quashing orders (formerly known as certiorari) An order of certiorari is a public law remedy, which quashes an original decision by a public body or nullifies an action by a public body. It is both negative and retrospective in nature. This remedy overlaps with that of prohibition (below). No quashing order can be made against decisions by the higher courts. For an example see O’Reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237. It is an important remedy whereby: Whenever any body of persons having legal authority to determine questions affecting the rights of subjects, and having the duty to act judicially, act in excess of their legal authority, they are subject to the controlling jurisdiction of the King’s Bench Division exercised in these writs. R v Electricity Commissioners ex parte London Electricity Joint Committee Company (1920) Ltd [1924] 1 KB 194, per Lord Atkin) Prohibiting orders (formerly known as prohibition) Prohibition is a public law remedy that prevents a body from making a decision or taking an action that would be capable of being quashed/destroyed by certiorari. It is thus negative and prospective in nature. Prohibiting orders cannot be made against decisions of the higher courts. Mandatory orders (formerly known as mandamus) This order compels an authority to act. See Padfield v Ministry of Agriculture [1968] AC 997 and Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Metropolitan Borough [1977] AC 1014. However, an order of mandamus cannot lie against an authority which has complete discretion to act. Declarations Declarations are private law remedies that are available in JR proceedings. They are statements of the legal position of the parties and, therefore, a declaration is not strictly speaking a ‘remedy’. See Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789. Injunctions Injunctions are private law remedies that are available in JR proceedings. They are orders that prevent an administrative body, including a minister, from acting unlawfully. They can be interim (temporary) or permanent. For an example of an injunction against a minister, see M v Home Office [1993] 3 WLR 433. Damages A JR applicant may be awarded damages in combination with one of the other remedies. Damages will only be awarded if they would have been recoverable had the applicant been the successful party in a private law action.

Walmart Organizational Structure Essay Example

Walmart Organizational Structure Essay A corporation’s organizational structure is a formal composition of the task and reporting relationships that allows the corporation to control, coordinate, and to motivate its associates as one cohesive unit to ensure a common goal is achieved. Although there are only approximately seven (7) organizational structure types recognized, each organization has a way of pulling these components into one structured outline to portray the necessary relationships. When composing a structure for a particular organization, management looks for the most effective way to categorize departments and their relationships to achieve the highest level of production. Typically these kind of organizational structures are organized in a top-down manner. Once the executive level is satisfied with the structure, it flows down to management. In some cases the organizational structure may not be visible, but judging by actions and specified reporting protocol the structure is intact and in use without a direct micromanagement style. Three of these particular organizations are Wal-Mart, Unilever Starbucks. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is an American public corporation that runs a chain of large discount department stores and a chain of warehouse stores; currently Wal-Mart is the world’s largest public corporation by revenue. On January 28th, 2010 after much corporate research, Bill Simon; COO of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. released the news of its organizational realigning in what is said to be an attempt to make the retailer more efficient and better able to respond to it customers demands. The retailer said it would re-organize its three (3) U. S. operations into three geographic units within the U. S. nd assign a president to each unit. These units were changed to Wal-Mart West, Wal-Mart North, and Wal-Mart South. During this release Wal-Mart also stated that in the U. S. it would be aligning all of their operations into three (3) operating divisions as well. The operations would be under one leadership team; these operational categories would be Logistics, Real Estate, and Store Operation s. This divisional structure and approach works to Wal-Marts advantage because each division is open to focus its efforts on specific goals such as product, service, or customers. Narrowing the focus llows Wal-Mart to effectively pinpoint specific processes and procedures that need change and adjust appropriately. Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch corporation that owns various worldwide consumer products; food, beverage, cleaning agents, and personal care product brands. Unilever is a dual-listed organization made up of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and operate as a single business. Ultimately Unilever represents another common organizational structure similar to that of Wal-Mart and Starbucks but in a hybrid form. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Organizational Structure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Organizational Structure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Organizational Structure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This organization operates with three (3) divisional regions, two (2) product segments, and five (5) functional segments. Unilever developed this structure for their own company to process procedures, improve communication, and to take advantage of resources. Starbucks Corporation is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Currently they are the largest coffeehouse company in the worlds with currently over 17,800 stores throughout 49 countries; over 11,000 in the U. S. almost 800 in the UK, and nearly 1000 in Canada. On January 8, 2008 Starbucks Corporation appointed Howard Shultz as the new CEO. Not long after his newly appointed position in April of 2008, Shultz rearranged Starbucks organizational structure to better accommodate customer satisfaction. Shultz announced that this would be done with the expansion of their matrix organizational structure. Their organization would re-organize its four (4) U. S. operations into Western/Pacific, Northwe st/Mountain, Southeast/Plains, and Northeast/Atlantic. Howard Shultz believes Starbucks will be able to develop products specified to market appeal more rapidly after the appropriate adjustments have been made. Some of the major advantages to having this kind of organizational structure include maximized communication channels. The second (2) part of the Starbucks re-alignment structure is the continued support function of each location operating as their own department. By supporting the shared goals and visions of each location within the U. S. divisions working as one cohesive unit within the U. S. the growth impact would be financially focused and lucrative.

More Answers to Questions About Capitalization

More Answers to Questions About Capitalization More Answers to Questions About Capitalization More Answers to Questions About Capitalization By Mark Nichol Here are several questions that have come up recently from readers about capitalization, followed by my responses. 1. Are seasons proper nouns? Although people often capitalize the names of seasons especially in academic contexts, such as in â€Å"Fall Semester† and the like, or in reference to quarterly publications, such as in â€Å"the Summer 2013 issue† they are common nouns and should be lowercase, except as part of proper names (for example, â€Å"the Winter Olympics†) or in poetic personification (such as in â€Å"when Spring sheds her tears in April†). 2. I am about to write an article about self-publishing, and I am rephrasing my paragraphs to avoid starting the sentence â€Å"eBooks are . . . .† However, I am curious to know if a sentence can be started with a lowercase e. (I suppose the same thing could also be said of iPads, too.) Should I write E-books, eBooks, or Ebooks? The Chicago Manual of Style, the premiere style resource for US publishers, recognizes the ubiquity of such terms and recommends making an exception to the rule of always beginning a sentence with an uppercase letter: â€Å"iPads are . . . .† The Associated Press Stylebook, its equivalent for periodical publications, however, recommends changing a lowercase initial letter to uppercase when it begins a sentence: â€Å"IPads are . . . . I recast such a sentence if possible but agree with Chicago; the fact that an accommodation needs to be made is unfortunate, but AP’s style is ugly. In this case, though, the question is not a concern, because ebook (or e-book, if you prefer, but not the outdated E-book) is not a proper name; it is equivalent to email (or e-mail). At the beginning of a sentence, treat it like any other first word: â€Å"Ebooks are . . . .† 3. Botanical/horticultural names are italicized (because they are Latin) and consist of at least two parts: the genus (capitalized) followed by the species (not capitalized) - for example, Aloe vera. In writing about the genus more widely, then Aloe is often used alone as the family name and is italicized. But what does one do when the Latin botanical genus name is turned into a plural by adding an s? Then it is English, not Latin. So, presumably, the italics get dropped. But what happens to the capitalization? Is the English variant still capitalized? Good question. If one writes, for example, â€Å"The garden maintains one of the largest and finest collections of aloes outside of Africa,† rather than â€Å"The garden maintains one of the largest and finest collections of Aloe outside of Africa,† the English plural form, as indicated in the first variation, should be lowercase. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireThe Four Sounds of the Spelling OUHonorary vs. Honourary

The Most Important Factors Of Transforming Gateshead Holdings Essay

The Most Important Factors Of Transforming Gateshead Holdings - Essay Example The workers were sorted into teams and assigned responsibilities accordingly. Workers were also offered rewards for putting in best efforts towards fulfilling their responsibilities. This helped in motivating the staff, a critical component in today's business context. Motives help in providing a reason for the staff to act in a more efficient manner. On the other hand lack of motivation can actually result in distorting the working environment. The five elements of 5S included Sort, Set, Shine, Standardize and Sustain. Once the workforce realizes that the management is indeed quite serious about sustaining the business the long term, they too start connecting their future with the efficient functioning of the company. During the years prior to 1999, no positive motivation was in sight for the workers. The lack of any positive motivation by the managers often results in automatic provisioning of negative motivation. But the 5S adopted by management helped in changing this attitude. From the year 1995 to 1998 the staff turnover ratio is consistently on an increase. Workers appear to have given up and considering it a sinking  ship the workers getting opportunities elsewhere thought it fit to leave at the first available opportunity. This is reflected in the incremental percentage of staff turnover. This leads to an increase in costs as once a set of trained staff leaves, a new process for recruiting is required to be taken up. The new incumbents take some time to familiarise themselves with the work and working environment. This affects the production levels and efficiency of the respective departments. In 1999, it appears in the initial months, the percentage of staff turnover had been on the rise, but after the motivation thoughts and positive signals sent in by Geoff, this trend stopped.

EMR(ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EMR(ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD) - Research Paper Example discussion will focus on various issues ascribed to the process of converting paper-based health records into electronic health records (Hamilton 2009). Specifically, the discussion will focus on conversion of problem-oriented paper-based medical forms into electronic health records. It is quite challenging to provide the exact period of time that is usually required to convert a paper-based health form into an electronic health record. However, there are various issues that may be taken into consideration in order to estimate the amount of time that may be consumed in this process. In my case, the process of conversion may take approximately six weeks. This is based on the fact that the process may entail scanning of the paper-based problem-oriented health forms, which are generally easy to read and record. This period is also based on the volume of paper-based health records that have been kept in the health facility overtime. Moreover, the number of persons involved to facilitate this process is taken into consideration. In the case that the health facility decides to use a different approach i.e. physically typing in the information recorded in the paper based problem-oriented medical record, a relatively longer period of time may be consumed, but this may a lso depend on the number of persons involved to facilitate the process. There are various challenges associated with converting paper-based health records into electronic health records. The first challenge that may be experienced in this case is the fact that introduction of a new data management may prove to be a challenge to the staff in the health facility. This may occur with regard to understanding of the modus operandi of information technology. Another challenge that may be experienced with the process of converting paper-based oriented medical forms into electronic forms is high resource use. To begin with, the process may require use of extra financial resources majorly used to purchase the IT

Multiple choices questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multiple choices questions - Assignment Example inners of World War II, in which the United States therefore bore the burden of leadership in the free world and was obligated to defend both democracy and freedom. It was a reality in which the US was threatened -- psychologically, politically and militarily -- by the expansion of and aggression from, among others, a totalitarian Soviet Union and the international Communist movement it sponsored (Weldes 1996: 283). 4. Crucial to the following analysis is that the institutional feature which distinguishes democracies from autocracies is the existence of a popularly elected legislature with the capacity to constrain a countrys chief executive. We assume that legislatures are more protectionist than executives in democracies and show that, even so, pairs of democracies are more likely than mixed pairs to liberalize commerce. We claim that this institutional difference contributes to a greater tendency for pairs of democratic countries to agree upon lower trade barriers than pairs comprised of a democracy and an autocracy (i.e., mixed pairs) (Mansfield, et al. 2000: 304-305). 5. ... Economic polarization is related to the alientation that groups of people feel against each other, and this alienation is enforced by notion of within-group cohesion and identity. ... What matters for conflict ... is rather economic polarization. ... [A] society that is split into two well-defined groups with [differences] in incomes is particularly likely to experience social unrest (Ostby 2008: 146). 6. A fundamental assertion of balance-of-power thought is that large-scale conflict between nations will be avoided when their power is approximately equal, and, conversely, will be more likely between nations that diverge in their power. This assertion is based on the assumption, frequently hidden, that in a conflict between any two nations there is a direct relationship between power and victory, and, other considerations aside, the more powerful nation will prevail (Siverson and

Television Is A Type Of Communication System Media Essay

Television Is A Type Of Communication System Media Essay A unbridgabale gap has come in human and TV . There are so many channels to enjoy.It has presented or telecasted of every door to door customs and traditional as well as international events .Television helps us get updates what happened around the world.we are able to see all small movement happened around us.It presents a small view of our society.On this we can watch live events like cricket ,functional etc.It has great deals now -a -days with mass and media .It has been proved through TV that mass need every update at every movement of their life.It has been a grand source of mass communication.TV what we think it has been a most common source of information and entertainment for people and it has knocked out every source of information. Moreover ,television is a great source of getting jobs, as a carrier maker,personality,enhanchment and much more.TV is known as an idiot box by some people but it not an idiot box .If we use it through a knowledge of science, discovery ,arts ,history and some related channel. It depends on the person how he use it and to what extent he is using it.Without TV we can not imagine our life because it provides us information at every moment of life and every a single movement of our society.TV is a great source of mass media .Media is a great powerful source of public and it can fulfill peoples needs .Now-a-days so many TV Channels are providing their expeditions to all,The socities or groups of society members .They try to catch videos of people and broadcast to all over the world to approach their demands to the governing bodies.As a result we see everday on television govt.come to take some implements on some matters through these sort of news or spicy matters. Without TV we are unable to get updates about what happening around the world.Through television companies are advertising their product .It avoids kids from doing social things they dont spend much time playing outdoor games rather they just spend time seeing them on TV .well and the most important ,if u sit in front of TV the whole day youll definitely get fat .its a fact.Today the kids are mostly interested in watching cartoons which involve so much actions and violence .It imprints a bad impact on childrens.If we see our present we think on programs that made for childrens .programs or serials that designed for childrens more often contain violence than adult TV. we always heard the thoughts of our parents ,neighbourhood ,many people that children are always infront of television watching game,cartoon,TV serials ,cricket match ,geographical channel etc. Childrens ,students they properly do not focus toward their studies .they always dis-obeying their parents.the problem is that t hey only watch cartoons ,movie ,songs and so on.The dont watch TV news which more useful for them to increase their general knowledge. Childrens spend max. time infront of television.Television can be a very useful academics.The television programmes are used to develop listening skills,learning skills.Now Lets talk about merits and de-merits of television TV HELPFUL TO PEOPLE: TV provides : Knowledge of outside world Good programs of science ,medicine arts Entertainment to the old Language practice for non-native speakers. SERIOUS DISADVANTAGES OF TV: People watch TV for 6hrs.a day Children watch TV more than studying sleeping TVs can influence negative sense TV CAUSES POOR CONCENTARTION : Childrens studies suffer Makes people dissatisfied ; Life becomes boring Becomes more real than reality. VIOLENCE ON SCREEN AFFECTS CHILDREN: Children watch: Murders on TV Violence fights People get excited PEOPLE GET ADDICTED TO TV: Most negative effect of TV- People get addicted Powerful need to watch TV TVs addication is like drug addiction. .so many people have have fallen into the trap of believing tv is the best entertainment there is, but for a little extra you get loads more out of books.And it all comes down to imagination.somedays books are so so much better than tv,you can really get engrossed in them and theres such as lot to gain from them.Before a child is fourteen years old,he or she views eleven thousand murders on the tube.He or she beings to belive that there is nothing strange about fights ,killings and other kinds of violence .Many studies show that people more violent after certain programmes.They may even do things that they saw in a violent show.The most negative effect of the boob-tube might be people addication to it .People often feel a strange and powerful need to watch television even when thy dont enjoy it .Addication to a television screen is similar to drug or alcohol addiction.People almost never belive they are addicted

Red Badge Of Courage Paper -- essays research papers

During the Civil War, a Union regiment rests along a riverbank, where they have been camped for weeks. The tall soldier Jim Conklin spreads a rumor that the army will soon march. Jim is a man who is very sure of himself and his own opinions. Henry Fleming, a recent recruit with the 304th regiment, worries about his courage, thinking that if he were ever to see a battle, he might run. Henry joined the army because he was drawn to the glory of military conflict, but since he joined, all the army has done is wait.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At last the regiment is given the orders to march, and the soldiers spend several wearying days traveling on foot. Eventually they near a battlefield, and they begin to hear the distant roar of battle. After taking their positions, they were charged by the enemy; Henry, boxed in by his fellow soldiers, realizes that he could not run even if he wanted to. He fires mechanically, feeling like a gear in a huge machine. The blue regiment defeated the gray soldiers, and then men congratulate one another. Henry wakes from a brief nap to find that the men are being charged again. This time, terror overtakes him, and he leaps up and flees from the line. As he dodges through the landscape, he tells himself that he did the right ting to flee, that his regiment could not have won, and the men who remained to fight were fools. But he passes a general on horseback, and overhears the commander saying that the men have held back the enemy charge. Feelin...

Development of children Essay

The social and emotional development of a childs identity and self image starts from birth. In the first five years of a childs life , children learn how to interact with others, learn what is acceptable. Every child is unique and they all develope at their own pace. Birth to 3 years- As a baby a child will overcome lots of obsticles such as hand to hand co-ordination, learning to sit up and stand, learning to feed themselves, learning to put words together. Children learn to play alongside instead of with other children, they test behaviours as they learn what is right and wrong. They need lots of emotional support from their parents. Ages 3-6 years- At this age the children will have a short attention span, They are learning self awareness and imagination, what is socially acceptable behaviour and what is not. The child will start to develope more language and communication skills and they will be starting to assert their own identity. Age 7, They will be identifying feelings and emotions, identifying dangerous situations and who to go to for help. They will be learning to identify the difference between ‘needs’ and ‘wants’. Age 8, The child will be able to express emotions in appropriate ways i.e appreciation, anger. Calm themselves and control strong emotions. Eight year olds will be proud of the fact they are able to do many things on their own and will express a desire for privacy. At the same time they will still need guidence and support from their parents.They may compare themselves to their friends and peers. Ages 9-12 , Children should have good communication skills, i.e communication care consideration and respect. Identify personal skills, recognise the difference between positive and negative friendships and understand the importance of family. Ages 12-16- this is a time where children reach sexual maturity and form an adult identity. During adolescence , physical changes in height and weight are usually a noticable change. Mood swings are common due to the increase in hormones. Between 12 and 16, they begin to imagine the possibilities life holds and start to set personal goals. Influences which may affect development in children include- -Stress -Negative experiences -Genetic illnesses, disorders and allergies -The childs background and where they may live -The influence of adults around the child -Religious social and economic factors. How might adults within a school setting encourage pupils to recognise and express thier own emotions? What are the possible signs and possible causes of emotional distress? Within school teachers can encourage children to recognise and express their emotions through role playing, art & design, drama, music, poatry and stories. These can provide an important opportunity for developing self confidence. An example of this is circle time sessions, these provide social and emotional learning. The class of pupils sit in a circle, exchanging ideas and feelings on different topics which are important to them . As they are sat in a circle, there is no leader, they are all equal and all have the opportunity to speak. Pupils can bring their own ideas or concerns to the circle and offer encouragement to others. Most schools have a school council where pupils can take part in desicion making. Students can bring up school improvement issues or issues affecting the classroom. Possible causes of emotional distress- -Problems at school, bullying or struggling with the work -Feeling left out and lonely, or having trouble making friends -Problems at home i.e parents not getting along and arguing. Maybe the parents have split up or the child has a new family member. -Death of a pet or relative -Abuse Possible signs of emotional distress- -Refusing to go to school -Difficulty learning -illness -Sad, frequent crying -Nightmare, difficulty sleeping -Moody and temper tantrums -Anxeity and panic attacks -Unable to concentrate -Unable to eat In teenagers some other signs could include -Alcohol/drug abuse -Violence/thefts -Not looking after themselves or over-concern with thier appearence -Self harm. Task 7 , Describe your expected role in the care and support of Individual pupils. A teaching assistant would provide care & support by encouraging the child to concentrate on what has been asked of them. Some children will require more one on one attention to help them to understand. This could involve repeating and explaining instructions from the teacher in a more simple manner. Some pupils may need extra help finding thier way around the school and getting to class rooms on time. In younger children, assisting them in the bathroom, and helping them to get dressed. Helping disabled children with physical activities such as swimming or P.E. The teaching assistant may be required to support children outside of school too, such as educational visits. Good quality relationships between children and teachers are very important when providing support, whether the relationship is through a single lesson or over a number of lessons. To gain a good relationship the teaching assistant should use good communication skills, such as friendly body language, eye contact, listening and showing respect. Greet the children by name, even out of class. Show some interest in their interests. Celebrate their achievements and display their work. What possible problems may you encounter and briefly describe how you might deal with each case? Through day to day contact with pupils, staff have an important role to play in noticing indicators of possible problems, Such as peer pressure and internal group dynamics. This could result in misunderstandings, strong emotions and class disruptions.The teaching assistant should recognise uncharacteristic behaviour patterns in pupils and deal with any difficulities which could damage the relationship with the pupil. Some problems a teaching assistant may encounter could be a disruptive pupil questioning authority, unhappy with marks they have been given on there work. A student may be emotionally unstable and become aggressive towards the staff. Constant disruptions prevent other students from concentrating on their work. Teaching assistants should always act within the policies and codes of conduct so they do not put themselves into situations that could lead to misunderstanding or accusations. When responding to these situations , the teaching assistant should remind the pupils of class room rules. The pupil may want to back track on what has been said. This should be honoured but remind the pupil that these disruptions will not be tolerated. If the problem is repeated the student should be removed from the classroom and the problem discussed with a supervisor. These incidents should be recorded. What is your role in responding to accidents and aliments? The teaching assistant does not have the sole responsibility for the safety of pupils and staff but if an emergency should arise the teaching assitant will need to act fast- – The teaching assistant should report any changes to a childs well-being to the teacher immediately. – Alert the emmergency services if necessary and obtain medical equipment for the first aider. – Reassure the pupil and make them comfortable. – Comply with the schools policy about recording a childs health. -Once the situation is stable , the parents should be notified. List common childhood illnesses and briefly discribe how you would recognise the symptoms of those illnesses in the children that you support

400m dash

It's the finals for the men's 400m dash. Justin steps up to the starting blocks, and realizes he is not in half the shape as his seven other competitors. Then he hears the official, "Runners to your marks ... get set ... GO!!" Justin surprisingly jumps out to a lead as he rounds the first 100m corner. He is in lane three, and he quickly passes lane's four and five, and now he is gaining on six. He knows his rival competitor is in lane one. But Justin can't see him in the corner of his eye, so he feels that maybe he has fallen back to pace with the pack. Coming down the third 100m's Justin realizes that he is getting tired. This is his place to make his move, but he just doesn't have it. Before he realizes what happened, lane five comes on strong with four just trailing. Justin is passed on the corner. Then coming down the last 100m stretch, he sees his rival in lane one burst out to a three length lead, and it is gaining. Justin crosses the finish line in fifth place. "That can't be the same man I faced at state last year," Justin says. "I mean, he was never that fast...our that big." This was only the first meet of the year. But it was a big one for Justin. He had been claimed as the fastest 400m runner in the state of California. And now he would just have to settle for fifth place. Justin went home and watched the tapes of the meet. He then noticed something even more embarrassing. Not only did he get fifth, but three of the top four runners were from the same team. Justin knew that something had to be up, but he wanted to be involved, instead of just watching them get bigger. He went to the gym where his competitors worked out. He saw his rival on the other side of the room, lifting weights with a good friend of his. His rivals name was Ryan Arnold, a junior from East Middleton High School in Las Angeles California. After Justin saw that they were finished working out. He went over to Bo, his friend, and aske...

Analysis The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty

Analysis The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty Central Theme The central theme in this book as portrayed by Friedman, is how globalization has changed some of the core economic areas. According to Friedman, the world has become flat through various transformations such as technological advancement and enhanced communication (Friedman, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Analysis: â€Å"The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century† by Thomas Friedman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an attempt to explain how the world has become flat, Friedman discusses major steps under which globalization has taken place; in fact he defines these ten steps as ‘world flatteners’ (Friedman, 2006). Friedman argues that around the year 2000, the world entered a new era; this is the era of globalization where accessibility of information has become easier which is what he describes as flattened world where there is equal playing fi eld of economic achievements. It is during this time that people have found new ways through which they can collaborate; these ways are referred in the book as the â€Å"world flatteners† (Friedman, 2006). For instance, the fifth flattener also known as outsourcing Friedman explains that the advancement in technology has enabled companies to delegate jobs in remote countries which reduce costs by way of internet communication. Again due to occurrence of globalization, people are now able to connect and interact much faster through several communication channels more rapidly than before as stipulated in the steroids flattener that involves use of wireless sharing of information such as iPods and other personal devices. Indeed, the world now has equal opportunity for all people and therefore competition in the business sector has just taken a new twist. As such, Friedman compares the modern business trends which he describes to be similar to a river, because of the way they hav e streamlined sale of products (Friedman, 2006). With increased competition comes equal opportunities and equalized income which means that US is now under more pressure to remain competitive in many areas in order to remain relevant as a superpower since they will be facing a lot of challenges from other countries; notably, India and China which are becoming more advanced.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relevance The concept found in book, World is flat, is a series of transformation described as â€Å"world flatteners† which are said to have occurred in the economic and business sectors which have significantly contributed to equalization of the world in many aspects (Friedman, 2006). In comparison to the book, The American Dream by Jason DeParle, the book questions and investigates how America came to achieve so much dominance and power in the m anagement in the world affairs. In the book, The American dream, US is described to have undergone through a lot of transformation to become the greatest economical and political power in the world today (DeParle, 2005). The book posits that this has not been an easy road to success and argues that there is so much that has contributed to America becoming successful. The solidarity that unites US for instance has contributed to the drive and energy that has facilitated innovations and creativity that has driven competition. According DeParle, all that lies within the American great foundation, is a great culture that has been promoted over years, this has consequently contributed to social mobility and growth (2005). This as compared to the book The World is Flat is seen as being the key concepts of success. Similarly, cultural changes have also occurred in the world just as argued in the book The World is flat. The world has become flat as different cultures including those that we re previously threatened have become integrated. In this book, Friedman describes how the world, just like â€Å"The American dream† has accepted changes and embraced technology (2006). Among the changes that have occurred in both cases includes new advancement in technology use of computers, use of fiber optic and the use of wireless communication such as mobile phones, iPods among others.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Analysis: â€Å"The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century† by Thomas Friedman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the world has flattened due to various innovations as shown in the book which are seen to have been embraced as described in the out-sourcing flattener where Friedman says that technology has allowed Companies to be able to distribute services and also subcontract some activities through technological advancement. The impact of globalizat ion in US There is no doubt that US has benefited more than it has lost through globalization; this is because globalization has both benefits and adverse effects. The major ways that US has benefited through globalization include enjoying better terms of trade, outsourcing of jobs to other countries, less trade barriers, high cultural integration, improved democracy and enhanced communication through social networks (Nickmaceus, 2010). Some specific ways in which this benefit has occurred in US is through technological advances that have enabled outsourcing of jobs in other countries at cheaper rates and in real time to become possible. Globalization has also made US to be one of the most integrated cultural societies in the world (Bhagwati, 2004). This has major benefits such as skilled labor, promotion of tourism and advancement of neo-colonialism (Denhart, 2007). On the other hand, globalization has its adverse effect; in US this adverse effects include loss of job to foreigners , threat of US internal security due to proliferation of foreigners and increased brand competition from other countries when it comes to trade. Public Affairs Relevance The main theme addressed in the book The World is flat, is globalization. Globalization is described as a situation whereby â€Å"regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade† (Friedman, 2005). This is very similar to what the concept of public affairs entails; public affair is concerned with the relationship between government activities and other elements in the society. Because of globalization countries have been able to interact and do more trade with other countries globally much easier than before facilitated by the current technological advancement that we have.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that, factors of globalization are very much reflected in public affairs issues such as economic and social system. Indeed, in today’s world, economic integration has also enhanced cultural integration. In fact, these two issues are the main factors of globalization. Other characteristic of globalization includes increased communication, shared cultures, electronic commerce, improved infrastructure, and democracy (Dunnigan, 2006). These two are found intertwined in various public affairs such as good governance which is democracy, economic growth, increased job opportunities, promotion of international trade, international tourism, social equity and poverty eradication. It is therefore clear that public affairs issues are directly correlated with globalization issues as discussed in the two books. It is by reading them that I have been able to realize this clear link between public affairs issues and globalization and its relevance in governance. References Bhagwat i, A. (2004). In Defense of Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press. Friedman, T (2005). Its a Flat World After All. New York Times Magazine. Web. Denhart, T. (2007). Theories of Public Organization, 5th edition. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth Publishing. DeParle, J. (2005). American Dream. New York: Penguin Group. Dunnigan, J. (2006). The Costs of the War on Terror. Web. Friedman, T. (2006). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Nickmaceus, K. (2010). Globalization and the United States: Positive and Negative  Impacts on American Domestic Policies. Web.

Global Justice & Global Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Justice & Global Poverty - Essay Example Some of the constutuents that measure living standards include the per capita, age of people and life expentancy among others. There is the fear of the gap widening more in the years to come if no action has taken place to curb this problem. Inequality is massive in the decision making of policies in the international political and in financial insititutions.John Rawl explains this in his theory on global liberties. They exist in form of both global economic and political basis. â€Å"There is uneven distribution of resources in the world† (Pogge, p34, par 3); hence, causing inequality in the living standards. Discrimination is another factor that leads to inequality especially when the poor people are discriminated in relation to their economic status the society. Many peole are dying in East Bengal due to lack of food, medical care among other basic needs. This shows how much inequality has affected the world today. It is possible to evade poverty among such poeple through a pplying several policies. This paper will focuss on the effects of global justice and the increasing cases of global poverty. It also analyzes possible solutions to this problem so to achive lower levels of poverty cases if any. The issue of double standards has also been addressed in this paper. However, double standards is not justified whatever the situation. Global justice has become an issue in political philosophy arising from the unjust state of the world today (Pogge, 2007, p345). Thinking about global justice in the world today involves a double standard. This involves two broad parties to achieve global justice. The first party is at the individual level while the second is the government level. Teh context of global justice is the impartiality that bhas been created in the world today. This is because people believe that their duties to family members, friends and their personal issues are more important than those of strangers. This makes them less concerned about issues of people who appear to be strangers to them. The government also contributes to the state of glodal injustice through the various policies they make for their cirtizens. This is because they make policies with their citizens in mind only, not considering those of other countries. â€Å"This has also led to some of the conflicts existing between some states† (Schaefer , p23 par4). Global justice is the main cause of global security because injustice causes certain feelings in people like anger and humiliation. These feelings cause violence among societies in the quest for justice. For instance, the poor feel that the wealthy people in the society are the cause of their poverty. Such feelings trigger violence and in long run lead to wars in the world. Philosophers have tried coming up with theories to solv ethe problem of global injustice in the world today. An example of such a philosopher is John Rawl. He explains how to achieve justice in the world both on the basis of eco nomic status and political inequalities. Morality is also another factor to consider when seeking to ensure justice (Pogge 2007, p34). This is because it is morally upright to ensure equality in the society. Some theories term injustice and inequality in the socity as an immoral act. However, the theory of Rawl explains clearly on how to curb the problem of injustice in the world by avoiding discrimination. He explains that making decisions should not be on the basis of teh economic status of a person. It ensures that

Pop Art and Controversial Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pop Art and Controversial Art - Essay Example The author of the paper states that Chicago Picasso might represent a woman but on the other hand looks like either a horse or even a bird, which can be termed as a cruel comparison of the woman.  To my opinion, controversial art enlightens the public about the reality of the situation while questioning the norms. Some of the Picasso’s artworks were labeled as photography but later the society realized their implication. Therefore, the government’s move to ban a controversial art only blinds the public on reality, embracing on accepted culture.  Pop art can be used to refer to the new look of art that emanated in the 1950s incorporating imagery from the then popular culture. Art is a reflection of the society, and thus pop art emerged to include traits such as advertising, news and so on that had been excluded in the traditional fine arts. Pop art was escalated by the invention of media that exaggerated everything in society. Ambitions of future development and incr eased civilization also provoked art to reflect future phenomenon. Pop art might be considered controversial, possibly due to its timing. However, evaluating the artworks with the modern world position, the pop artist appears very creative. Note that,   pop blurred the line between culture and art, making it possible for art to borrow from any culture regardless of the latter’s position in the already define culture hierarchy.

The Arrest Of Vessels Has Long Proven To Be A Controversial Exercise Essay

The Arrest Of Vessels Has Long Proven To Be A Controversial Exercise In The Law Of England And Wales - Essay Example Conclusion 6. Reflective review 7. Bibliography 1. Introduction a) Synopsis Pre-judgement security of claims and post-judgement execution of a suit are of importance in maritime law of any country. In both cases, it is the maritime creditor who is at the receiving end with concerns about the fulfilment of the credit extended to the debtor, as normally, most ships are credited and it is the concern of the creditor to realize the debt amount from the debtor. The concerns of the creditor become manifold when the debtor and the property under debt from the creditor are under litigation in the purview of the concerned admiralty law of the state. This calls for a study of the relevant processes and procedures involving the application of the international maritime laws to identify and evaluate the available methods and impact of the laws on the interests of the creditor and also the other related stakeholders of the ship1. Admiralty law derived from English law and the international mariti me law have relevant sections that state the process and procedures for the arrest of vessels, the ship owner and the ship which will be studied and which will be useful to understand the process of arrests, the ways in which the pre-judgement is carried to ensure that post-judgment is enabled after the suit is accepted and the litigations of the ship owners, creditors, sister ships, and also the issue of payment to the plaintiff and any other claimant of the property of the ship owner is carried with this knowledge. The Arrest Convention of 19522 and the ratified Arrest Convention of 19993,4,5,6 along with the Supreme Court Act 1981, at sect. 20(2)7 and sect. 218(1) will be studied to understand the probable scope and litigations arising out of the arrest of vessels as per the Admiralty law while considering its jurisdiction. This knowledge is used to suggest useful recommendations that can be practically implemented within the ambit of the English jurisdiction. The following secti ons discuss the aims and objectives of the paper, followed by a literature review of the laws of Admiralty, International Maritime Law, and the procedures for arrest, conflicts arising out of the etc. The research is commissioned by The British Shipowners' Federation and the report is targeted at outlining the effectiveness of arrest procedures in the UK and the possibilities for future reforms within the scope of international maritime law. b) Aims and objectives Aims- The aims of the research are to prepare a report for the British Shipowners’ Federation by: Exploring the literature available Admiralty Law and International Maritime Law based on English Law to develop critical competence of the information available and to reflect upon it Identify and evaluate the procedures for arrest of vessels in the British Admiralty Law and any conflicts with maritime laws of other countries Provide evidence for action research and need for critical reflection to recommend improvements to the Admiralty Law Objectives- To explore the different laws existing in relation to the arrest of vessels in the UK To identify any deviations in the British Admiralty Law from those of other countries that distinguishes between the procedures for vessel arrest To understand how the deviations in the laws concerning arrest of vessel impact the creditor or the ship owner To reflect upon the impact of the applicability of laws of the different countries on vessel arrest To plan and design a reflective learning report to improve

Biotech Ethics and Advancement Essay Example for Free

Biotech Ethics and Advancement Essay Biotechnology: Of Ethics and Advancement Thousands of years ago, early man, like the rest of earths fauna and flora, was at the mercy of the elements; we relied on natures gratitude when it came to finding food and survival. As Charles Darwin would say, only the fittest could survive Mother Natures test. Eventually, however, a fully-evolved man turned the tide of the competition; we began to domesticate the once savage beasts we hunted and competed with like wolves and horses turning them into livestock and our own companions bred out of their natural ferocity, to grow our own food for our own and tart agriculture, and eventually we started to settle down into permanent communities. Man had transcended nature when the first steps of human civilization began to grow. Since then, man had crafted its own grand design for himself; the discovery of metals like Bronze and Iron, to the Pyramids of Egypt and Cities of Rome, and the rest, as they say, Is modern history. In the Modern world, we still have that said control, and with It we have now intrinsically used our knowledge to design nature herself In our Ideal Image. Technological Advancements have allowed us wield it as we pleasure. We can now edit Mother Natures work and remake It anew through our vast Interference with the body that is Science. The presence of GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms), Dolly and all her Cloned brethren, and Real life Cyborg-Animals are Just samples of what weVe done to her. Eventually, because of this, someone Just had to say It: When will it be too much? When will we know when weVe gone too far? That Is where Ethics falls in, our man-made balance of whether or not, In the most basic sense, what we do Is right or wrong. Ethics has long been a question of how much more we can do to these once all natural things and make them artificially enhanced. When can we truly say that we, the masters have abused our power? One cannot mistake, however, that human alteration of natural things Is only a recent occurrence. Like I said, since the earliest ages of man we already tampered with nature as we sought. We turned once vlclous and wild wolves, through our process of selectively breeding the weaker ones, Into the loyal and lovable K9 friends we have today minus the genes of aggression. Pavlov strapped d own dogs to make psychological breakthroughs In condltlonlng. World War 2 scientists strapped bombs to dogs, dolphins, and even bats to assist them In fighting the enemy. Indeed, this tinkering of human hands has always been there. It now falls onto us people of today to see If things can still be set as Is. How much more can we do for our species own satisfaction? The Ethical question must always be present whenever we trod upon something as sensltlve as the condltlon of llvlng things. Animals, Ilke any other llvlng being, have xtremes in straining those rights to our needs. The uncertainty of Science itself shows that we cannot always control what happens to them come experiment time. The fear of abusing these innocent creatures is always on the minds of the very ethical/moral such as Animal Rights groups and such. Modern Genetics and Technology have sometimes crossed lines for the sake of advancement, such as taking away a creatures autonomy to turn them into natural robots. If this is truly how far Advancement has gone into sacrificing Lifes basic rules, then these righteous people really do have a reason to riot and protest.